Question 1

Reinforcement is to ____,as punishment is to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease; increase 
B)  decrease; decrease 
C)  increase; decrease 
D)  operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
A)  decrease; increase 
B)  decrease; decrease 
C)  increase; decrease 
D)  operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Question 2

Robert is reinforced by his teacher every sixth time he turns in a homework assignment.Robert's teacher is using a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 3

A ____ refers to a reinforcer occurring only after an unchanging number of responses take place.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio 
A)  fixed interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio

Question 4

Positive punishment ____ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated.Negative punishment ____ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; increases 
B)  increases; decreases 
C)  decreases; increases 
D)  decreases; decreases 
A)  increases; increases 
B)  increases; decreases 
C)  decreases; increases 
D)  decreases; decreases

Question 5

In classical conditioning,a stimulus is paired with ____; in operant conditioning,a behavior is paired with ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  a reward; a stimulus 
B)  another stimulus; a consequence 
C)  a reflex; a stimulus 
D)  a consequence; another organism 
A)  a reward; a stimulus 
B)  another stimulus; a consequence 
C)  a reflex; a stimulus 
D)  a consequence; another organism

Question 6

When Beaver learns the meaning of 10 new vocabulary words,his father Ward says,"That's a good boy,Beaver." Ward's praise is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  UCS 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  negative reinforcer 
D)  positive reinforcer 
A)  UCS 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  negative reinforcer 
D)  positive reinforcer

Question 7

What happens to mirror neurons when we observe someone?

Accepted Answer

A)  they become less active 
B)  they reduce their communication with the thalamus 
C)  they become activated 
D)  they reduce their communication with the hippocampus 
A)  they become less active 
B)  they reduce their communication with the thalamus 
C)  they become activated 
D)  they reduce their communication with the hippocampus

Question 8

The fact that all human babies between seven and eight months old start to babble supports the idea of infants being:

Accepted Answer

A)  slower to vocalize than other mammals 
B)  socially ready to speak at an early age 
C)  biologically prepared to produce sounds 
D)  taught how to produce sounds 
A)  slower to vocalize than other mammals 
B)  socially ready to speak at an early age 
C)  biologically prepared to produce sounds 
D)  taught how to produce sounds

Question 9

Time out is a procedure that:

Accepted Answer

A)  uses positive punishment 
B)  gives an unpleasant consequence to the child for inappropriate behavior 
C)  removes a child from a situation where they might receive reinforcement for their noncompliance 
D)  has been shown to be ineffective in reducing temper tantrums 
A)  uses positive punishment 
B)  gives an unpleasant consequence to the child for inappropriate behavior 
C)  removes a child from a situation where they might receive reinforcement for their noncompliance 
D)  has been shown to be ineffective in reducing temper tantrums

Question 10

Kristin wants to go out and play,but her mother has said no.Kristin goes to her room and plays her rock music very loudly.The noise drives her mother crazy and Kristin is allowed to go out and play if she will turn off her music.In this example,____ was a form of negative reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  playing the music 
B)  turning off the music 
C)  going crazy 
D)  going out to play 
A)  playing the music 
B)  turning off the music 
C)  going crazy 
D)  going out to play

Question 11

What effect would a reinforcer have on a child's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  it decreases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated only if a reinforcer is given before the child performs the behavior 
B)  it depends on what the child's behavior is 
C)  it decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated 
D)  it increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated 
A)  it decreases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated only if a reinforcer is given before the child performs the behavior 
B)  it depends on what the child's behavior is 
C)  it decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated 
D)  it increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Question 12

Harlan and Juanita spank their five-year-old daughter when she misbehaves.However,after taking a psychology course,Juanita suggests to Harlan that to increase spanking's effectiveness they ought to:

Accepted Answer

A)  use it in conjunction with a time-out procedure 
B)  wait a couple of hours after the inappropriate behavior and then give the spanking 
C)  make the spanking very, very mild 
D)  tell their daughter the reason for the spanking 
A)  use it in conjunction with a time-out procedure 
B)  wait a couple of hours after the inappropriate behavior and then give the spanking 
C)  make the spanking very, very mild 
D)  tell their daughter the reason for the spanking

Question 13

If a killer whale fails to perform a trick,what is the appropriate response from the trainer?

Accepted Answer

A)  to turn off an underwater light 
B)  to be motionless and still 
C)  to sound the whistle 
D)  to offer a smaller-than-normal amount of food 
A)  to turn off an underwater light 
B)  to be motionless and still 
C)  to sound the whistle 
D)  to offer a smaller-than-normal amount of food

Question 14

The Lovaas program is most effective for children with less severe autism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A key to the success of the time-out procedure is that it:

Accepted Answer

A)  eliminates reinforcement of undesired behaviors 
B)  induces fear that suppresses undesired behaviors 
C)  is more intense than punishment 
D)  can be administered more immediately than punishment 
A)  eliminates reinforcement of undesired behaviors 
B)  induces fear that suppresses undesired behaviors 
C)  is more intense than punishment 
D)  can be administered more immediately than punishment

Question 16

You like to fish.Sometimes,it takes you 30 minutes to catch a fish; other times,you catch a fish every 5 minutes.Fishing,in this case,is on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 17

One criticism of Kohler's suggestion that chimps demonstrate insight learning is:

Accepted Answer

A)  that the chimps were not exposed enough to the problem of getting the banana 
B)  Kohler did not explain how chimps solved problems, but merely described it 
C)  that the schedule of reinforcement was not identified 
D)  that chimps are prepared to climb and jump and do so in the wild 
A)  that the chimps were not exposed enough to the problem of getting the banana 
B)  Kohler did not explain how chimps solved problems, but merely described it 
C)  that the schedule of reinforcement was not identified 
D)  that chimps are prepared to climb and jump and do so in the wild

Question 18

You and a friend are at the hatching of ducklings.The ducklings first notice you and are now trying to follow you.Your friend says,"Don't worry,they'll get over it." Is your friend right or wrong?

Accepted Answer

A)  right, because imprinting is only temporary 
B)  right, because the ducklings will learn that you can't feed them 
C)  wrong, because they won't have other ducks to learn from 
D)  wrong, because imprinting is irreversible 
A)  right, because imprinting is only temporary 
B)  right, because the ducklings will learn that you can't feed them 
C)  wrong, because they won't have other ducks to learn from 
D)  wrong, because imprinting is irreversible

Question 19

Partial schedules of reinforcement maintain behavior over the long term.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

What refers to presenting an aversive stimulus after a response that decreases the odds that the response will recur?

Accepted Answer

A)  negative punishment 
B)  punishment 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  latent punishment 
A)  negative punishment 
B)  punishment 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  latent punishment

Exam 10: Operant and Cognitive Approaches

Reinforcement is to ____,as punishment is to ____.

Robert is reinforced by his teacher every sixth time he turns in a homework assignment.Robert's teacher is using a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

A ____ refers to a reinforcer occurring only after an unchanging number of responses take place.

Positive punishment ____ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated.Negative punishment ____ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated.

In classical conditioning,a stimulus is paired with ____; in operant conditioning,a behavior is paired with ____.

When Beaver learns the meaning of 10 new vocabulary words,his father Ward says,"That's a good boy,Beaver." Ward's praise is a(n):

What happens to mirror neurons when we observe someone?

The fact that all human babies between seven and eight months old start to babble supports the idea of infants being:

Time out is a procedure that:

Kristin wants to go out and play,but her mother has said no.Kristin goes to her room and plays her rock music very loudly.The noise drives her mother crazy and Kristin is allowed to go out and play if she will turn off her music.In this example,____ was a form of negative reinforcement.

What effect would a reinforcer have on a child's behavior?

Harlan and Juanita spank their five-year-old daughter when she misbehaves.However,after taking a psychology course,Juanita suggests to Harlan that to increase spanking's effectiveness they ought to:

If a killer whale fails to perform a trick,what is the appropriate response from the trainer?

The Lovaas program is most effective for children with less severe autism.

A key to the success of the time-out procedure is that it:

You like to fish.Sometimes,it takes you 30 minutes to catch a fish; other times,you catch a fish every 5 minutes.Fishing,in this case,is on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

One criticism of Kohler's suggestion that chimps demonstrate insight learning is:

You and a friend are at the hatching of ducklings.The ducklings first notice you and are now trying to follow you.Your friend says,"Don't worry,they'll get over it." Is your friend right or wrong?

Partial schedules of reinforcement maintain behavior over the long term.

What refers to presenting an aversive stimulus after a response that decreases the odds that the response will recur?

Discovering Psychology

Psychology and Science

Brains Building Blocks

Incredible Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Sleep and Dreams

Hypnosis and Drugs

Classical Conditioning

Types of Memory

Remembering and Forgetting

Intelligence

Thought and Language

Motivation

Emotion

Infancy Childhood

Infancy Childhood Part II

Adolescence and Adulthood

Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories

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Health,stress and Coping

Assessment and Anxiety Disorders

Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

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Extenssion: Social Cognition and Behavior

Filters

Reinforcement is to ,as punishment is to .

Positive punishment the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated.Negative punishment the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated.

In classical conditioning,a stimulus is paired with ; in operant conditioning,a behavior is paired with .