Question 1

The contiguity theory focuses on the close pairing of the NS and UCS.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Identify the elements of classical conditioning (NS,UCS,UCR,CS,and CR)in how a cancer patient may develop anticipatory nausea with chemotherapy treatment.In addition,describe how systematic desensitization could be used to help a person with nausea.

Accepted Answer

In the context of a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy, the elements of classical conditioning can be identified as follows:

1. Neutral Stimulus (NS): The chemotherapy treatment itself can be considered the neutral stimulus, as it initially does not elicit a nausea response.

2. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): The UCS in this scenario is the toxic chemicals in the chemotherapy drugs, which naturally induce nausea as a response.

3. Unconditioned Response (UCR): The UCR is the natural physiological response of nausea that occurs in response to the toxic chemicals in the chemotherapy drugs.

4. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Over time, the sights, sounds, and smells associated with the chemotherapy treatment can become associated with the nausea response, and thus become the conditioned stimulus.

5. Conditioned Response (CR): The conditioned response is the anticipatory nausea that the patient experiences in response to the conditioned stimulus, such as entering the treatment room or smelling the chemicals.

Systematic desensitization could be used to help a person with nausea by gradually exposing them to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., the sights, sounds, and smells of the chemotherapy treatment) in a controlled and relaxed setting. This exposure is paired with relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or visualization, to help the individual learn to associate the conditioned stimulus with a relaxed state rather than nausea. Over time, this can help to reduce or eliminate the conditioned response of anticipatory nausea. Additionally, cognitive-behavioral techniques can be used to address any negative thoughts or fears associated with the nausea, further aiding in the desensitization process.

Question 3

Before learning,a neutral stimulus:

Accepted Answer

A)  is paired with the unconditioned response 
B)  is a reflexive action 
C)  does not produce the reflex being tested 
D)  only works with humans, not with animals 
A)  is paired with the unconditioned response 
B)  is a reflexive action 
C)  does not produce the reflex being tested 
D)  only works with humans, not with animals C

Question 4

In Pavlov's study of digestion,he noticed that the dogs were salivating at the sight of food.What was Pavlov's initial reaction to this?

Accepted Answer

A)  The salivation was considered to be a bothersome problem. 
B)  He was very excited, since he wanted the dogs to salivate at the sight of food. 
C)  He expected it, so it did not affect his study of digestion. 
D)  He considered it an irrelevant point and initially ignored it. 
A)  The salivation was considered to be a bothersome problem. 
B)  He was very excited, since he wanted the dogs to salivate at the sight of food. 
C)  He expected it, so it did not affect his study of digestion. 
D)  He considered it an irrelevant point and initially ignored it.

Question 5

The case of Little Albert provides dramatic insight into ____ through ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  intelligence; systematic desensitization 
B)  memory development; classical conditioning 
C)  the development of emotional response; classical conditioning 
D)  the dangers of poor attachment; the law of stimulus-response 
A)  intelligence; systematic desensitization 
B)  memory development; classical conditioning 
C)  the development of emotional response; classical conditioning 
D)  the dangers of poor attachment; the law of stimulus-response

Question 6

Stimuli similar to,but not identical with,a conditioned stimulus elicit conditioned responses through a process known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  recovery 
D)  extinction 
A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  recovery 
D)  extinction

Question 7

Following classical conditioning,the CS elicits the UCR.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Operant conditioning focuses on how:

Accepted Answer

A)  people learn from the examples of others 
B)  repetition results in reflexive habits 
C)  behavior is influenced by its consequences 
D)  stimuli are paired to elicit a response 
A)  people learn from the examples of others 
B)  repetition results in reflexive habits 
C)  behavior is influenced by its consequences 
D)  stimuli are paired to elicit a response

Question 9

In an experiment in which tones are generally followed by a puff of air directed at the subject's eyes,repeated presentation of a tone without being followed by a puff of air on the eye would probably result in:

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  extinction 
C)  discrimination 
D)  generalization 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  extinction 
C)  discrimination 
D)  generalization

Question 10

What form of learning involves a neutral stimulus acquiring the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  cognitive learning 
D)  latent learning 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  cognitive learning 
D)  latent learning

Question 11

When rats eat only enough poison to get sick and then learn to avoid that poison,____ is said to have occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)  taste-aversion learning 
B)  aversive conditioning 
C)  poison-generalization effect 
D)  imprinting 
A)  taste-aversion learning 
B)  aversive conditioning 
C)  poison-generalization effect 
D)  imprinting

Question 12

According to your authors,the conditioning of racial prejudice can take place through all but which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  direct experiences 
B)  innate experiences 
C)  observational experiences 
D)  verbal experiences 
A)  direct experiences 
B)  innate experiences 
C)  observational experiences 
D)  verbal experiences

Question 13

The fact that backward conditioning does not usually result in classical conditioning supports:

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional-conditioned response 
B)  the contiguity theory 
C)  the cognitive perspective 
D)  stimulus generalization 
A)  emotional-conditioned response 
B)  the contiguity theory 
C)  the cognitive perspective 
D)  stimulus generalization

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

Accepted Answer

A)  neutral stimulus ® CS 
B)  CS ® CR 
C)  UCR ® UCS 
D)  UCS ® UCR 
A)  neutral stimulus ® CS 
B)  CS ® CR 
C)  UCR ® UCS 
D)  UCS ® UCR

Question 15

When children,both black and white,were exposed to black dolls and white dolls,both sets of kids described the black dolls using which of the following words?

Accepted Answer

A)  ugly 
B)  dishonest 
C)  stringy 
D)  stupid 
A)  ugly 
B)  dishonest 
C)  stringy 
D)  stupid

Question 16

Based on research described in Module 9,why might warning labels on cigarette packs be ineffective in deterring smoking?

Accepted Answer

A)  the labels are not read 
B)  they can stimulate pleasure areas of the brain that trigger craving 
C)  the print is too small 
D)  labels are not strategically placed on the packs 
A)  the labels are not read 
B)  they can stimulate pleasure areas of the brain that trigger craving 
C)  the print is too small 
D)  labels are not strategically placed on the packs

Question 17

Marsha feeds her dog Bubbles if Bubbles barks when the light is turned on,but not if the light is turned off.Soon Bubbles barks only when the light is turned on.Bubbles is exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  extinction 
C)  generalization 
D)  discrimination 
A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  extinction 
C)  generalization 
D)  discrimination

Question 18

We could say that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired close together in time.This theory is called the:

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus-substitution theory 
B)  cognitive perspective 
C)  prediction theory 
D)  contiguity theory 
A)  stimulus-substitution theory 
B)  cognitive perspective 
C)  prediction theory 
D)  contiguity theory

Question 19

The Law of Effect states that random actions are strengthened and will be more likely to occur in the future if the actions are:

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexive 
B)  followed by a reward or pleasurable consequence 
C)  negatively reinforced 
D)  put into memory 
A)  reflexive 
B)  followed by a reward or pleasurable consequence 
C)  negatively reinforced 
D)  put into memory

Question 20

You have classically conditioned your 3-year-old niece to shut her eyes in anticipation of a puff of air.However,she has since learned that the CS no longer predicts the UCS and has experienced extinction.What has happened?

Accepted Answer

A)  She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the CS. 
B)  She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the UCS. 
C)  She shuts her eyes more rapidly now in response to the CS. 
D)  She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the UCR. 
A)  She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the CS. 
B)  She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the UCS. 
C)  She shuts her eyes more rapidly now in response to the CS. 
D)  She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the UCR.

Exam 9: Classical Conditioning

The contiguity theory focuses on the close pairing of the NS and UCS.

Identify the elements of classical conditioning (NS,UCS,UCR,CS,and CR)in how a cancer patient may develop anticipatory nausea with chemotherapy treatment.In addition,describe how systematic desensitization could be used to help a person with nausea.

Before learning,a neutral stimulus:

In Pavlov's study of digestion,he noticed that the dogs were salivating at the sight of food.What was Pavlov's initial reaction to this?

The case of Little Albert provides dramatic insight into ____ through ____.

Stimuli similar to,but not identical with,a conditioned stimulus elicit conditioned responses through a process known as:

Following classical conditioning,the CS elicits the UCR.

Operant conditioning focuses on how:

In an experiment in which tones are generally followed by a puff of air directed at the subject's eyes,repeated presentation of a tone without being followed by a puff of air on the eye would probably result in:

What form of learning involves a neutral stimulus acquiring the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus?

When rats eat only enough poison to get sick and then learn to avoid that poison,____ is said to have occurred.

According to your authors,the conditioning of racial prejudice can take place through all but which of the following mechanisms?

The fact that backward conditioning does not usually result in classical conditioning supports:

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

When children,both black and white,were exposed to black dolls and white dolls,both sets of kids described the black dolls using which of the following words?

Based on research described in Module 9,why might warning labels on cigarette packs be ineffective in deterring smoking?

Marsha feeds her dog Bubbles if Bubbles barks when the light is turned on,but not if the light is turned off.Soon Bubbles barks only when the light is turned on.Bubbles is exhibiting:

We could say that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired close together in time.This theory is called the:

The Law of Effect states that random actions are strengthened and will be more likely to occur in the future if the actions are:

You have classically conditioned your 3-year-old niece to shut her eyes in anticipation of a puff of air.However,she has since learned that the CS no longer predicts the UCS and has experienced extinction.What has happened?

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The case of Little Albert provides dramatic insight into through .