Question 1

Inferential statistics are used primarily for describing samples.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

A .05 level of significance means that​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​there is only a 5% chance that the statistic's value could be obtained as a result of sampling errors only. 
B)  ​one is 50% certain that the sample value is representative of the population. 
C)  ​there is only a 5% chance that the variables tested are not independent. 
D)  ​the results can be accepted because the sampling error is only 5%. 
E)  the level of confidence is only 5%.​ 
A)  ​there is only a 5% chance that the statistic's value could be obtained as a result of sampling errors only. 
B)  ​one is 50% certain that the sample value is representative of the population. 
C)  ​there is only a 5% chance that the variables tested are not independent. 
D)  ​the results can be accepted because the sampling error is only 5%. 
E)  the level of confidence is only 5%.​ A

Question 3

The ultimate aim of every significance test is to discern the probability that an observed relationship between variables can be attributed to chance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

A relationship with a correlation of .50​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​has more substantive significance than any other relationship with a lower correlation. 
B)  ​shows that 50% of the variation in the dependent variable is explained. 
C)  ​is stronger than any relationship with a correlation of -.50. 
D)  ​is more likely to be statistically significant than any relationship with a lower correlation. 
E)  might not be substantively significant​ 
A)  ​has more substantive significance than any other relationship with a lower correlation. 
B)  ​shows that 50% of the variation in the dependent variable is explained. 
C)  ​is stronger than any relationship with a correlation of -.50. 
D)  ​is more likely to be statistically significant than any relationship with a lower correlation. 
E)  might not be substantively significant​

Question 5

A Cohen's d effect size of .60 is

Accepted Answer

A)  ​stronger than the average Cohen's d effect size reported in meta-analyses in social work and allied fields. 
B)  weaker than the average Cohen's d effect size reported in meta-analyses in social work and allied fields.​ 
C) about the same as the average Cohen's d effect size reported in meta-analyses in social work and allied fields. 
D)  ​substantively significant. 
E)  ​not substantively significant. 
A)  ​stronger than the average Cohen's d effect size reported in meta-analyses in social work and allied fields. 
B)  weaker than the average Cohen's d effect size reported in meta-analyses in social work and allied fields.​ 
C) about the same as the average Cohen's d effect size reported in meta-analyses in social work and allied fields. 
D)  ​substantively significant. 
E)  ​not substantively significant.

Question 6

Two-tailed tests of significance should be used whenever there isa non-directional hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

When two groups are significantly different on a dependent variable at the .05 level of significance, it means that there is afive-percent difference between them.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

A researcher conducts a test of statistical significance and finds a probability of less than .05. The researcher should NOT conclude that​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​it is improbable that the observed relationship could have resulted from sampling error alone. 
B)  ​the null hypothesis was rejected. 
C)  ​there is a statistically significant relationship at the .05 level. 
D)  ​the results have important implications for social work. 
A)  ​it is improbable that the observed relationship could have resulted from sampling error alone. 
B)  ​the null hypothesis was rejected. 
C)  ​there is a statistically significant relationship at the .05 level. 
D)  ​the results have important implications for social work.

Question 9

The selection of the significance level​

Accepted Answer

A)  is fixed at .05 for social science research.​ 
B)  ​depends on the size of the population. 
C)  ​is arbitrary, although .05 is frequently used. 
D)  ​must be decided after finishing the analysis. 
A)  is fixed at .05 for social science research.​ 
B)  ​depends on the size of the population. 
C)  ​is arbitrary, although .05 is frequently used. 
D)  ​must be decided after finishing the analysis.

Question 10

How would you interpret a finding from an experiment in which a costly and time-consuming intervention to reduce school dropout had a statistically significant outcome with a Cohen's d effect size of .20? What if the effect size were .80, but the outcome were not statistically significant due to a low sample size?

Accepted Answer

The finding from the experiment with a C

Question 11

If a Cohen's d effect size exceeds .6, the finding is statistically significant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Explain Type I and Type 11 errors, when they are risked, and what can be done to reduce their risks.

Accepted Answer

Type I and Type II errors are concepts i

Question 13

A research article reports that 4 of 10 students who received an intervention from a school social worker dropped out of school, while 6 of 10 students in the control group dropped out. The difference was not statistically significant. What can be inferred from these statistics?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​The social worker's intervention was not effective. 
B)  ​The social worker's intervention was effective, but just not at a statistically significant level. 
C)  ​The same difference in drop out rates with a much larger sample might be statistically significant. 
D)  ​The same difference in drop out rates with a smaller sample might be statistically significant. 
A)  ​The social worker's intervention was not effective. 
B)  ​The social worker's intervention was effective, but just not at a statistically significant level. 
C)  ​The same difference in drop out rates with a much larger sample might be statistically significant. 
D)  ​The same difference in drop out rates with a smaller sample might be statistically significant.

Question 14

In an evaluation of an intervention that seeks to reduce depression scores among the frail elderly, the mean of the experimental group is 30, the mean of the control group is 60, and the standard deviation is 10. Cohen's d effect size is​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​3 
B)  ​minus 3 
C)  ​30 
D)  ​10 
A)  ​3 
B)  ​minus 3 
C)  ​30 
D)  ​10

Question 15

Statistical power analysis deals with the probability of avoiding Type I errors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

A method for simplifying the process of drawing conclusions from different studies on the same topic is called super-analysis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Explain what is meant by "chance as a rival hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

"Chance as a rival hypothesis" refers to

Question 18

We commit a Type II error when we​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​accept a false null hypothesis. 
B)  ​accept a true null hypothesis. 
C)  ​reject a false null hypothesis. 
D)  ​reject a true null hypothesis 
A)  ​accept a false null hypothesis. 
B)  ​accept a true null hypothesis. 
C)  ​reject a false null hypothesis. 
D)  ​reject a true null hypothesis

Question 19

Which of the following hypotheses assumes that there is no relationship between two variables?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Research 
B)  ​Null 
C)  ​Alternate 
D)  ​Secondary 
E)  ​Substantive 
A)  ​Research 
B)  ​Null 
C)  ​Alternate 
D)  ​Secondary 
E)  ​Substantive

Question 20

When a finding is statistically significant:​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​alternative explanations other than the independent variable are not plausible. 
B)  ​a strong relationship has been observed. 
C)  ​it is an important finding. 
D)  ​its meaning depends on the rigor of the research methods. 
A)  ​alternative explanations other than the independent variable are not plausible. 
B)  ​a strong relationship has been observed. 
C)  ​it is an important finding. 
D)  ​its meaning depends on the rigor of the research methods.

Exam 22: Inferential Data Analysis

Inferential statistics are used primarily for describing samples.

A .05 level of significance means that​

The ultimate aim of every significance test is to discern the probability that an observed relationship between variables can be attributed to chance.

A relationship with a correlation of .50​

A Cohen's d effect size of .60 is

Two-tailed tests of significance should be used whenever there isa non-directional hypothesis.

When two groups are significantly different on a dependent variable at the .05 level of significance, it means that there is afive-percent difference between them.

A researcher conducts a test of statistical significance and finds a probability of less than .05. The researcher should NOT conclude that​

The selection of the significance level​

If a Cohen's d effect size exceeds .6, the finding is statistically significant.

Explain Type I and Type 11 errors, when they are risked, and what can be done to reduce their risks.

A research article reports that 4 of 10 students who received an intervention from a school social worker dropped out of school, while 6 of 10 students in the control group dropped out. The difference was not statistically significant. What can be inferred from these statistics?​

In an evaluation of an intervention that seeks to reduce depression scores among the frail elderly, the mean of the experimental group is 30, the mean of the control group is 60, and the standard deviation is 10. Cohen's d effect size is​

Statistical power analysis deals with the probability of avoiding Type I errors.

A method for simplifying the process of drawing conclusions from different studies on the same topic is called super-analysis.

Explain what is meant by "chance as a rival hypothesis.

We commit a Type II error when we​

Which of the following hypotheses assumes that there is no relationship between two variables?​

When a finding is statistically significant:​

Why Study Research

Evidence-Based Practice

Factors Influencing the Research Process

Comparing Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods of Inquiry

The Ethics and Politics of Social Work Research

Culturally Competent Research

Problem Formulation

Conceptualization in Quantitative and Qualitative Inquiry

Measurement

Constructing Measurement Instruments

Causal Inference and Experimental Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Case Evaluation Designs

Program Evaluation

Sampling

Survey Research

Analyzing Existing Data: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Qualitative Research: General Principles

Qualitative Research: Specific Methods

Qualitative Data Analysis

Descriptive Data Analysis

Writing Research Proposals and Reports

Filters

A .05 level of significance means that

A relationship with a correlation of .50

A researcher conducts a test of statistical significance and finds a probability of less than .05. The researcher should NOT conclude that

The selection of the significance level

A research article reports that 4 of 10 students who received an intervention from a school social worker dropped out of school, while 6 of 10 students in the control group dropped out. The difference was not statistically significant. What can be inferred from these statistics?

In an evaluation of an intervention that seeks to reduce depression scores among the frail elderly, the mean of the experimental group is 30, the mean of the control group is 60, and the standard deviation is 10. Cohen's d effect size is

We commit a Type II error when we

Which of the following hypotheses assumes that there is no relationship between two variables?

When a finding is statistically significant: