Exam 6: Learning

Token economies are used as a means of ____.

In Pavlov's original studies, salivation to meat was a(n) ____, and salivation to a buzzer was a(n) ____.

Tolman studied rats that developed a cognitive map of a maze without reinforcement, an indication of ____.

Molly automatically feels happy every time she has pizza for dinner. Molly's mom always gets her pizza from The Pizza Shoppe. At first, pulling into The Pizza Shoppe parking lot does not affect the way Molly feels. But after a while, Molly starts to feel happy just when the car turns into The Pizza Shoppe lot because she knows it means they will have pizza for dinner. In this example, The Pizza Shoppe parking lot is the ____.

A conditioned response that has undergone extinction ____.

If latent learning is occurring, it suggests most directly that ____.

When 11-year-old Michael breaks his sister's favorite model rocket, his parents tell him he must give her one of his model rockets. Michael's parents are using ____.

Ratio schedules deliver reinforcement according to ____.

Behaviorism is to ____ as social learning is to ____.

Define shaping and describe an example of how shaping might be used to create a specific behavior.

Edward Tolman studied rats running through mazes and found that ____.

Animal trainers using operant conditioning techniques to slowly condition a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the new desired behavior are engaged in ____.

Classical conditioning is generally strongest when the neutral stimulus is presented ____ the unconditioned stimulus by a few ____.

Tina has inadvertently trained her dog Bobo to lay his chin on her leg when she is studying by giving him a treat when he does. Unfortunately, she has been so busy that she has run out of treats. Bobo not only continues to walk over and lay his chin on her leg, but he begins pawing at her leg and arm. Bobo is showing ____.

Nash is fed up with hearing his friends brag about the tricks their dogs can do, so he decides to train Indigo, his hyacinth macaw, how to shoot a basketball, using a bird-size ball and hoop. He starts out by giving Indigo a treat for touching the ball with its beak. When Indigo reliably touches the ball, Nash begins reinforcing Indigo for picking the ball up in its beak, and, behavior by behavior, eventually trains Indigo to shoot hoops. Nash is using ____.

Ginger grew up in a home where both of her parents smoked. When Ginger turned 15, she too began smoking despite the fact that her parents frequently warned her not to adopt this bad habit. Ginger's decision to smoke is most likely the result of what type of learning?

The phase of classical conditioning during which the conditioned response is developing is often referred to as ____.

_______________ is said to have occurred when a stimulus begins to cause any response whereas it had not revealed any particular response previously.

Ashley grew up fearing clowns because of an incident early in her life. Although it took several years before the fear disappeared completely, she can now enjoy the entertainment that clowns offer. Her fear of clowns has undergone ____.

Shaping would be used ____.