Question 1

What is the term for the rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of a reinforcer

Accepted Answer

A)  schedules of reinforcement 
B)  stimulus contiguities 
C)  reinforcement contingencies 
D)  antecedents 
A)  schedules of reinforcement 
B)  stimulus contiguities 
C)  reinforcement contingencies 
D)  antecedents

Question 2

What should you present to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response

Accepted Answer

A)  extra pairings of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus 
B)  the conditioned stimulus alone several times 
C)  the unconditioned stimulus alone several times 
D)  the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus several times 
A)  extra pairings of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus 
B)  the conditioned stimulus alone several times 
C)  the unconditioned stimulus alone several times 
D)  the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus several times

Question 3

Which statement best describes the situation if a child likes both candy and money

Accepted Answer

A)  Both can be considered reinforcers, but only candy can be used as a reinforcer in a token economy. 
B)  Although both are rewarding, only candy can actually be considered a reinforcer. 
C)  Both can be considered reinforcers, but only candy is a primary reinforcer. 
D)  Both can be considered primary reinforcers. 
A)  Both can be considered reinforcers, but only candy can be used as a reinforcer in a token economy. 
B)  Although both are rewarding, only candy can actually be considered a reinforcer. 
C)  Both can be considered reinforcers, but only candy is a primary reinforcer. 
D)  Both can be considered primary reinforcers.

Question 4

You are watching a rat pressing a lever in a Skinner box to obtain food pellets.The rat pauses for a long time after each food pellet is delivered,but slowly increases its rate of lever pressing as more time elapses.Which reinforcement schedule is likely in place in this example

Accepted Answer

A)  variable-interval 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  variable-interval 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 5

What could be accounted for by classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  learning to play baseball 
B)  learning to hate the smell of hot dogs that once made you sick 
C)  learning to talk 
D)  learning to avoid shopping in a store with bad customer service 
A)  learning to play baseball 
B)  learning to hate the smell of hot dogs that once made you sick 
C)  learning to talk 
D)  learning to avoid shopping in a store with bad customer service

Question 6

Henri got a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter.Now before he starts a day of skiing,he uses sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn.What is the consequence of using sunscreen in this case

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  escape 
C)  avoidance 
D)  negative punishment 
A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  escape 
C)  avoidance 
D)  negative punishment

Question 7

Tessa really likes to play video games on Saturdays,but her parents will let her play video games only if all the dishes are washed.Consequently,every Saturday morning Tessa has the table cleared and the dishes washed as soon as everyone has finished breakfast.Which statement best describes this situation

Accepted Answer

A)  Playing video games is a negative reinforcer for doing the dishes. 
B)  Doing the dishes is a negative reinforcer for playing video games. 
C)  Doing the dishes is a positive reinforcer for playing video games. 
D)  Playing video games is a positive reinforcer for doing the dishes. 
A)  Playing video games is a negative reinforcer for doing the dishes. 
B)  Doing the dishes is a negative reinforcer for playing video games. 
C)  Doing the dishes is a positive reinforcer for playing video games. 
D)  Playing video games is a positive reinforcer for doing the dishes.

Question 8

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away.What does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  avoidance learning 
B)  escape learning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  positive reinforcement 
A)  avoidance learning 
B)  escape learning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  positive reinforcement

Question 9

Brenda has learned to take an over-the-counter medication 30 minutes before she eats a spicy meal.When she does this,she is able to prevent the heartburn and indigestion that she would experience otherwise.What does this example illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  escape conditioning 
D)  avoidance conditioning 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  escape conditioning 
D)  avoidance conditioning

Question 10

What is the process called when you selectively reinforce responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  stimulus discrimination 
C)  step-wise conditioning 
D)  selection 
A)  shaping 
B)  stimulus discrimination 
C)  step-wise conditioning 
D)  selection

Question 11

What did Breland and Breland's work with "miserly raccoons" demonstrate

Accepted Answer

A)  Raccoons are less conditionable, and therefore less intelligent, than rats and pigeons. 
B)  There are biologically imposed limits to the generality of conditioning principles. 
C)  There are differences in appropriate rewards for different species. 
D)  Principles of reinforcement (derived from studies of rats and pigeons) easily generalize to raccoons. 
A)  Raccoons are less conditionable, and therefore less intelligent, than rats and pigeons. 
B)  There are biologically imposed limits to the generality of conditioning principles. 
C)  There are differences in appropriate rewards for different species. 
D)  Principles of reinforcement (derived from studies of rats and pigeons) easily generalize to raccoons.

Question 12

Ming is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger.Today,even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine.Which learning process can best account for Ming's fear of spiders

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  delayed reinforcement 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  observational learning 
A)  operant conditioning 
B)  delayed reinforcement 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  observational learning

Question 13

Which statement best represents most people's response to punishment and negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A)  They enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished. 
B)  They enjoy being punished and dislike being negatively reinforced. 
C)  They dislike being negatively reinforced or punished. 
D)  They enjoy being negatively reinforced or punished. 
A)  They enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being punished. 
B)  They enjoy being punished and dislike being negatively reinforced. 
C)  They dislike being negatively reinforced or punished. 
D)  They enjoy being negatively reinforced or punished.

Question 14

After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone,Pavlov continued to present the tone periodically without the food.What did the dog do

Accepted Answer

A)  It kept responding at the same intensity, despite extended exposure to the tone alone. 
B)  It stopped responding immediately. 
C)  It initially responded to the tone at an even greater intensity than before. 
D)  It gradually stopped responding to the tone. 
A)  It kept responding at the same intensity, despite extended exposure to the tone alone. 
B)  It stopped responding immediately. 
C)  It initially responded to the tone at an even greater intensity than before. 
D)  It gradually stopped responding to the tone.

Question 15

Bette creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar.She is hoping that people who watch the ad will develop negative feelings toward drinking.What principle is Bette is relying on

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  negative reinforcement 
A)  observational learning 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 16

Cherise has developed a tolerance for the effects of heroin.She normally uses heroin in her boyfriend's apartment,and always uses the same administration routine.What will happen if Cherise uses heroin in a different location,using a different routine

Accepted Answer

A)  She will experience a placebo effect. 
B)  She will be at risk of overdose. 
C)  The drugs will not have the same powerful effect on her, so she won't feel as "high." 
D)  She will be at risk for withdrawal symptoms. 
A)  She will experience a placebo effect. 
B)  She will be at risk of overdose. 
C)  The drugs will not have the same powerful effect on her, so she won't feel as "high." 
D)  She will be at risk for withdrawal symptoms.

Question 17

According to Rescorla's signal relations model of classical conditioning,which of the following will result in a stronger conditional response

Accepted Answer

A)  a weaker conditional stimulus 
B)  a conditional stimulus that is always paired with the unconditional stimulus 
C)  a stronger unconditional response 
D)  an unconditional stimulus that always elicits an unconditional response 
A)  a weaker conditional stimulus 
B)  a conditional stimulus that is always paired with the unconditional stimulus 
C)  a stronger unconditional response 
D)  an unconditional stimulus that always elicits an unconditional response

Question 18

Nicolas has autism and he used to be mute.A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips.This slowly changed until Nicolas received a piece of chocolate only for saying complete words,and eventually only for saying complete sentences.Which process is illustrated in this example

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  modelling 
C)  shaping 
D)  negative reinforcement 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  modelling 
C)  shaping 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 19

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate.What is the meat powder in Pavlov's terms

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  unconditioned response 
A)  unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  unconditioned response

Question 20

What is typical about the recovered response when a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

A)  It is stronger than the previously conditioned response. 
B)  It occurs before the conditioned stimulus. 
C)  It is weaker than the previously conditioned response. 
D)  It changes to an unconditioned stimulus. 
A)  It is stronger than the previously conditioned response. 
B)  It occurs before the conditioned stimulus. 
C)  It is weaker than the previously conditioned response. 
D)  It changes to an unconditioned stimulus.

Exam 6: A: Learning

What is the term for the rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of a reinforcer

What should you present to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response

Which statement best describes the situation if a child likes both candy and money

You are watching a rat pressing a lever in a Skinner box to obtain food pellets.The rat pauses for a long time after each food pellet is delivered,but slowly increases its rate of lever pressing as more time elapses.Which reinforcement schedule is likely in place in this example

What could be accounted for by classical conditioning

Henri got a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter.Now before he starts a day of skiing,he uses sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn.What is the consequence of using sunscreen in this case

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away.What does this example illustrate

Brenda has learned to take an over-the-counter medication 30 minutes before she eats a spicy meal.When she does this,she is able to prevent the heartburn and indigestion that she would experience otherwise.What does this example illustrate

What is the process called when you selectively reinforce responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response

What did Breland and Breland's work with "miserly raccoons" demonstrate

Ming is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger.Today,even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine.Which learning process can best account for Ming's fear of spiders

Which statement best represents most people's response to punishment and negative reinforcement

After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone,Pavlov continued to present the tone periodically without the food.What did the dog do

Bette creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar.She is hoping that people who watch the ad will develop negative feelings toward drinking.What principle is Bette is relying on

Cherise has developed a tolerance for the effects of heroin.She normally uses heroin in her boyfriend's apartment,and always uses the same administration routine.What will happen if Cherise uses heroin in a different location,using a different routine

According to Rescorla's signal relations model of classical conditioning,which of the following will result in a stronger conditional response

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate.What is the meat powder in Pavlov's terms

What is typical about the recovered response when a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

C: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

C: The Biological Basis of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

B: Learning

C: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

A: Language and Thought

B: Language and Thought

A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

C: Intelligence Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

C: Human Development Across the Lifespan

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Social Behaviour

B: Social Behaviour

A: Stress, Coping, and Health

B: Stress, Coping, and Health

C: Stress, Coping Health

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

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