Exam 8: Introduction to Design

Christopher has developed a behavioral method that he believes will help people quit smoking.He recruits a group of 25 people who want to quit smoking and begins his intervention.By the time the intervention ends,only eight people remain,but they have all quit smoking.This is an example of a(n)____ threat.

Pat notices that when thunder can be heard in the distance,her dog,Rudy,hides under her desk,and she believes that the thunder causes Rudy to hide.Her friend Gregg points out that there are other changes associated with thunder,including changes in barometric pressure.Gregg has pointed out a(n)____.

If there is not random assignment,and there is neither a control group nor multiple measures,a research study must be said to be a(n)_______________.

When an effect occurs when the proposed cause occurs,but the effect does not occur when the proposed cause has not occurred,____ has been demonstrated.

An instrumentation threat occurs when taking the pretest affects how participants do on the posttest.

The threat to validity that occurs as a result of a natural development that occurs between pre- and post- measurement is called a(n)____ threat.

Figure TB 8-7 -What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

In _______________,participants in the comparison group know what the program group is getting and,instead of developing a rivalry,the group members become discouraged or angry and give up.

When some event other than your program occurs at the same time and affects the outcome,there is a(n)_______________ threat to internal validity.

Mike has developed an intervention for social anxiety.He recruits individuals from a local clinic who have extremely high levels of social anxiety as measured by a standardized test.After the intervention,their average score is closer to the population mean on the social anxiety test.While Mike would love to assume that his intervention has been effective,he is also aware that there is a(n)____ threat.

In design notation,the letter R stands for random assignment.

What is the history threat in a single group design?

What social threat to internal validity occurs when one group knows about the program another group is receiving and,because of that,develops a competitive attitude with the other group?

The statistical phenomenon that causes a group's average performance on one measure to appear closer to the mean of that measure at the second measurement is referred to as a(n)____ threat.

Narrative 8-1: The Reality Show  Two groups are competing on a television reality show to determine which can lose the most weight.Every week,the groups have a special competition to determine which group will get extra help,in the form of exercise training,dietary counseling,or other skills development. -The Green Team has won six weeks in a row,and the Blue Team,rather than being discouraged,is working their weight loss program with extra determination.This is classified as ____.

When the tests (or observers)used on the posttest and the pretest differ,there is a(n)____ threat.

Laura works at a local shelter for teens who cannot remain in their homes,but are not wards of the court.She sees an extraordinary documentary on homeless teens that features two who actually testify to Congress about the need for services.She wants to give hope to the teens she works with and arranges for them to see the documentary.After they watch it,she has them all complete an instrument that assesses their hopes for the future.This is an example of a(n)____.

Figure TB 8-6 R 0 X 0 R 0 0 -What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

What social threat to internal validity occurs when the control group is given a program or treatment (usually by a well-meaning third party)designed to make up for the treatment the program group receives?

Quasi-experimental designs use random assignment.