Question 1

A signal of one type may be changed to another type of signal using a __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A signal of one type may be...

Question 2

In the thyroid hormones,T₃ and T₄,the 3 and 4 refer to the

Accepted Answer

A) relative half-life (3 or 4 hours). 
B) number of tyrosine molecules linked together. 
C) number of iodines which are found on the hormone. 
D) number of enzymes required to synthesize the hormone. 
A) relative half-life (3 or 4 hours). 
B) number of tyrosine molecules linked together. 
C) number of iodines which are found on the hormone. 
D) number of enzymes required to synthesize the hormone.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a second messenger utilized by G proteins?

Accepted Answer

A) Ca²⁺ 
B) Na⁺ 
C) cyclic GMP 
D) phosphatidyl inositol 
A) Ca²⁺ 
B) Na⁺ 
C) cyclic GMP 
D) phosphatidyl inositol

Question 4

There is a tremendous variety of signal transduction pathways with a wide range of functions.However,all these pathways have some things in common.Discuss some of these common features.

Accepted Answer

All signal transduction pathways start w

Question 5

Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback loops.

Accepted Answer

All feedback loops have some similar par

Question 6

Exocrine secretions are used to communicate between different animals and

Accepted Answer

A) to digest foodstuffs. 
B) to aid in locomotion. 
C) in trapping prey. 
D) all of the above 
A) to digest foodstuffs. 
B) to aid in locomotion. 
C) in trapping prey. 
D) all of the above

Question 7

Eicosanoids are NOT effective as hormones because

Accepted Answer

A) they are hydrophobic and cannot dissolve easily in the blood. 
B) they have a very short half-life and would degrade before reaching the target cell. 
C) the signaling cell cannot regulate when they diffuse through the membrane. 
D) all of the above 
A) they are hydrophobic and cannot dissolve easily in the blood. 
B) they have a very short half-life and would degrade before reaching the target cell. 
C) the signaling cell cannot regulate when they diffuse through the membrane. 
D) all of the above

Question 8

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the

Accepted Answer

A) adrenal cortex. 
B) chromaffin cells. 
C) heart. 
D) kidneys. 
A) adrenal cortex. 
B) chromaffin cells. 
C) heart. 
D) kidneys.

Question 9

The three main classes of chemicals that act as hormones are __________,amines,and steroids.

Accepted Answer

peptides
P

Question 10

Once a ligand has bound to a receptor,it will continue to generate its response.In order to stop that response,the ligand must be removed or inactivated in some way.Describe the different ways this may be accomplished,along with features of each method.

Accepted Answer

One way in which ligands will leave thei

Question 11

The chemical properties of messengers affect how they are able to communicate with the target cell.Hydrophobic and hydrophilic messengers have many differences in the way they function.Discuss these differences and how they relate to the hydrophobicity/philicity.

Accepted Answer

Hydrophobic messengers dissolve easily i

Question 12

The response of a cell to a particular chemical messenger is determined by the

Accepted Answer

A) ligand-binding domain. 
B) transmembrane domain. 
C) functional domains. 
D) chemical messenger itself. 
A) ligand-binding domain. 
B) transmembrane domain. 
C) functional domains. 
D) chemical messenger itself.

Question 13

Neural signaling is different from other types of long-distance signaling because

Accepted Answer

A) it involves the release of chemical signals. 
B) it involves the use of receptors. 
C) the signal is contained within a single cell as it travels the long distance. 
D) it relies on the blood to carry the signal from one cell to the next. 
A) it involves the release of chemical signals. 
B) it involves the use of receptors. 
C) the signal is contained within a single cell as it travels the long distance. 
D) it relies on the blood to carry the signal from one cell to the next.

Question 14

__________ is a biogenic amine used in immune responses and allergic reactions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ is a biogenic amine used in...

Question 15

In a __________ feedback loop,both the endocrine and nervous systems can be involved.

Accepted Answer

A) first order 
B) second order 
C) third order 
D) both B and C 
A) first order 
B) second order 
C) third order 
D) both B and C

Question 16

In a feedback loop,the portion that brings the variable back to its normal value is the

Accepted Answer

A) effector. 
B) set point. 
C) integrating center. 
D) sensor. 
A) effector. 
B) set point. 
C) integrating center. 
D) sensor.

Question 17

Which of the following statements provides inaccurate information?

Accepted Answer

A) In paracrine communication,the target cell receives chemical messenger from signal cell via diffusion. 
B) A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that had been converted from an electrical signal. 
C) Endocrine messengers are hormones. 
D) Allelochemicals are chemical messengers released into the external environment by individuals of the opposite sex but of the same species. 
A) In paracrine communication,the target cell receives chemical messenger from signal cell via diffusion. 
B) A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that had been converted from an electrical signal. 
C) Endocrine messengers are hormones. 
D) Allelochemicals are chemical messengers released into the external environment by individuals of the opposite sex but of the same species.

Question 18

The G-protein-coupled receptors are a diverse family with this common feature.

Accepted Answer

A) They are activated when a kinase molecule phosphorylates them. 
B) They are activated when GTP is released from the G protein. 
C) They are activated when GTP binds to the G protein. 
D) They are activated when the α subunit binds to the β and γ subunits. 
A) They are activated when a kinase molecule phosphorylates them. 
B) They are activated when GTP is released from the G protein. 
C) They are activated when GTP binds to the G protein. 
D) They are activated when the α subunit binds to the β and γ subunits.

Question 19

The organ that is connected to the hypothalamus by neurons is the

Accepted Answer

A) anterior pituitary. 
B) posterior pituitary. 
C) adenohypophysis. 
D) thyroid. 
A) anterior pituitary. 
B) posterior pituitary. 
C) adenohypophysis. 
D) thyroid.

Question 20

__________ are a group of steroid hormones found in all vertebrates.

Accepted Answer

A) Estrogens 
B) Androgens 
C) Glucocorticoids 
D) All of the above 
A) Estrogens 
B) Androgens 
C) Glucocorticoids 
D) All of the above

A signal of one type may be changed to another type of signal using a __________.

In the thyroid hormones,T₃ and T₄,the 3 and 4 refer to the

Which of the following is NOT a second messenger utilized by G proteins?

There is a tremendous variety of signal transduction pathways with a wide range of functions.However,all these pathways have some things in common.Discuss some of these common features.

Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback loops.

Exocrine secretions are used to communicate between different animals and

Eicosanoids are NOT effective as hormones because

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the

The three main classes of chemicals that act as hormones are __________,amines,and steroids.

Once a ligand has bound to a receptor,it will continue to generate its response.In order to stop that response,the ligand must be removed or inactivated in some way.Describe the different ways this may be accomplished,along with features of each method.

The chemical properties of messengers affect how they are able to communicate with the target cell.Hydrophobic and hydrophilic messengers have many differences in the way they function.Discuss these differences and how they relate to the hydrophobicity/philicity.

The response of a cell to a particular chemical messenger is determined by the

Neural signaling is different from other types of long-distance signaling because

__________ is a biogenic amine used in immune responses and allergic reactions.

In a __________ feedback loop,both the endocrine and nervous systems can be involved.

In a feedback loop,the portion that brings the variable back to its normal value is the

Which of the following statements provides inaccurate information?

The G-protein-coupled receptors are a diverse family with this common feature.

The organ that is connected to the hypothalamus by neurons is the

__________ are a group of steroid hormones found in all vertebrates.

Introduction to Physiological Principles

Physiological Evolution of Animals

Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology

Neuron Structure and Function

Cellular Movement and Muscles

Sensory Systems

Functional Organization of Nervous Systems

Circulatory Systems

Immune Systems

Respiratory Systems

Locomotion

Ion and Water Balance

Digestion and Energy Metabolism

Thermal Physiology

Reproductive Physiology

Filters

Exam 4: Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation

A signal of one type may be changed to another type of signal using a __________.

In the thyroid hormones,T₃ and T₄,the 3 and 4 refer to the

Which of the following is NOT a second messenger utilized by G proteins?

There is a tremendous variety of signal transduction pathways with a wide range of functions.However,all these pathways have some things in common.Discuss some of these common features.

Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback loops.

Exocrine secretions are used to communicate between different animals and

Eicosanoids are NOT effective as hormones because

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the

The three main classes of chemicals that act as hormones are __________,amines,and steroids.

Once a ligand has bound to a receptor,it will continue to generate its response.In order to stop that response,the ligand must be removed or inactivated in some way.Describe the different ways this may be accomplished,along with features of each method.

The chemical properties of messengers affect how they are able to communicate with the target cell.Hydrophobic and hydrophilic messengers have many differences in the way they function.Discuss these differences and how they relate to the hydrophobicity/philicity.

The response of a cell to a particular chemical messenger is determined by the

Neural signaling is different from other types of long-distance signaling because

__________ is a biogenic amine used in immune responses and allergic reactions.

In a __________ feedback loop,both the endocrine and nervous systems can be involved.

In a feedback loop,the portion that brings the variable back to its normal value is the

Which of the following statements provides inaccurate information?

The G-protein-coupled receptors are a diverse family with this common feature.

The organ that is connected to the hypothalamus by neurons is the

__________ are a group of steroid hormones found in all vertebrates.

Introduction to Physiological Principles

Physiological Evolution of Animals

Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology

Neuron Structure and Function

Cellular Movement and Muscles

Sensory Systems

Functional Organization of Nervous Systems

Circulatory Systems

Immune Systems

Respiratory Systems

Locomotion

Ion and Water Balance

Digestion and Energy Metabolism

Thermal Physiology

Reproductive Physiology

Filters