Question 1

The main contributing factor to the evolution of MDR-TB is ________.

Accepted Answer

A) the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires antibiotic therapy for months rather than days,which is hard to sustain in some populations; cutting the regimen short allows the resistant bacteria to flourish 
B) the organisms that develop multidrug resistance have a different cell wall composition to the drug-susceptible organisms 
C) certain species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are able to undergo bacterial transformation at a faster rate than other species,resulting in the transfer of resistance genes 
D) the abundance of antibiotics available in the United States and other developed countries makes it a particular problem for resistant strains to emerge in those parts of the world 
A) the slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires antibiotic therapy for months rather than days,which is hard to sustain in some populations; cutting the regimen short allows the resistant bacteria to flourish 
B) the organisms that develop multidrug resistance have a different cell wall composition to the drug-susceptible organisms 
C) certain species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are able to undergo bacterial transformation at a faster rate than other species,resulting in the transfer of resistance genes 
D) the abundance of antibiotics available in the United States and other developed countries makes it a particular problem for resistant strains to emerge in those parts of the world A

Question 2

Which of the following pairs of defense mechanisms is mismatched?

Accepted Answer

A) Complement activation - third line of defense 
B) Ciliated epithelium - first line of defense 
C) Secretory IgA - third line of defense 
D) Antimicrobial peptides - second line of defense 
E) Coughing - first line of defense 
A) Complement activation - third line of defense 
B) Ciliated epithelium - first line of defense 
C) Secretory IgA - third line of defense 
D) Antimicrobial peptides - second line of defense 
E) Coughing - first line of defense A

Question 3

Legionella pneumophila ________.

Accepted Answer

A) is easily killed by chlorine 
B) often lives intracellularly in amoebas 
C) is transmitted through the soil 
D) always causes a severe pneumonia 
E) is a gram-positive bacterium 
A) is easily killed by chlorine 
B) often lives intracellularly in amoebas 
C) is transmitted through the soil 
D) always causes a severe pneumonia 
E) is a gram-positive bacterium B

Question 4

Antigenic drift differs from antigenic shift in that antigenic drift reflects the exchange of RNA strands between different virus strains within a common host cell,whereas antigenic shift is the gradual mutation over time of the glycoproteins on the viral envelope that bind to immune cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Medical professionals actually observe MDR-TB patients take their medicine through a program called DOT.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The highest incidence of histoplasmosis in the United States occurs in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A) Southeast 
B) Southwest 
C) East and Midwest 
D) Northeast 
E) Rocky Mountains 
A) Southeast 
B) Southwest 
C) East and Midwest 
D) Northeast 
E) Rocky Mountains

Question 7

The causative organism of whooping cough is ________.

Accepted Answer

A) Bordetella pertussis 
B) Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C) Haemophilus influenzae 
D) Streptococcus pyogenes 
E) Corynebacterium diphtheriae 
A) Bordetella pertussis 
B) Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C) Haemophilus influenzae 
D) Streptococcus pyogenes 
E) Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 8

A 45-year-old female presents to the emergency department. She reports the onset of a sore throat, cough and rhinorrhea about five days ago. She is now experiencing weakness in her arms and difficulty breathing. She is evaluated in the emergency room and admitted to the intensive care unit. In the provider's initial assessment, the patient is noted to have gross inflammation of her pharynx and tonsils, with grayish-white patches in the pharynx. A throat swab and additional specimens are sent for microbial analysis. The patient is placed in isolation.
-The nurse assesses the patient's medical history and notes that she has not received routine medical screening and treatment in the past 15 years. This patient could avoided this preventable disease by staying current with which vaccination?

Accepted Answer

A) MMR 
B) Influenza 
C) Td 
D) HPV 
A) MMR 
B) Influenza 
C) Td 
D) HPV

Question 9

Superantigens ________.

Accepted Answer

A) include streptolysin O 
B) include erythrogenic toxin 
C) induce production of tumor necrosis factor 
D) can initiate a cascade of immune responses 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) include streptolysin O 
B) include erythrogenic toxin 
C) induce production of tumor necrosis factor 
D) can initiate a cascade of immune responses 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Secondary bacterial infections may occur with the common cold.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes include ________.

Accepted Answer

A) polysaccharides on the cell wall 
B) lipoteichoic acid 
C) M proteins 
D) hyaluronic acid capsule 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) polysaccharides on the cell wall 
B) lipoteichoic acid 
C) M proteins 
D) hyaluronic acid capsule 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

The major virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes serious systemic effects is ________.

Accepted Answer

A) its capsules 
B) metachromatic granules 
C) an exotoxin 
D) endospores 
E) an endotoxin 
A) its capsules 
B) metachromatic granules 
C) an exotoxin 
D) endospores 
E) an endotoxin

Question 13

Formation of a pseudomembrane in the back of the throat is seen in ________.

Accepted Answer

A) diphtheria 
B) pharyngitis 
C) tuberculosis 
D) pertussis 
E) SARS 
A) diphtheria 
B) pharyngitis 
C) tuberculosis 
D) pertussis 
E) SARS

Question 14

When the centers of tubercles break down into ________ lesions,they gradually heal by calcification that replaces normal lung tissue.

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) necrotic caseous 
D) granuloma 
E) tertiary 
A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) necrotic caseous 
D) granuloma 
E) tertiary

Question 15

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis,while harder to treat because some antibiotics are ineffective,has a similar prognosis and recovery rate compared to nonresistant tuberculosis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Hantavirus has all of the following characteristics except ________.

Accepted Answer

A) a reservoir is human carriers 
B) it is a zoonotic infection 
C) the symptoms are abrupt fever,lung edema,respiratory distress,and hypotension 
D) it is transmitted by aerosol transmission from rodent excreta 
E) the first U.S.outbreak occurred in 1993 in the Southwest 
A) a reservoir is human carriers 
B) it is a zoonotic infection 
C) the symptoms are abrupt fever,lung edema,respiratory distress,and hypotension 
D) it is transmitted by aerosol transmission from rodent excreta 
E) the first U.S.outbreak occurred in 1993 in the Southwest

Question 17

Influenza virus can exhibit constant mutation of viral glycoproteins called ________,or ________,a more serious phenomenon caused by the exchange of a viral gene with that of another influenza virus strain.

Accepted Answer

A) antigenic shift,antigenic drift 
B) antigenic drift,antigenic shift 
C) None of these are correct. 
A) antigenic shift,antigenic drift 
B) antigenic drift,antigenic shift 
C) None of these are correct.

Question 18

Tuberculin skin testing ________.

Accepted Answer

A) injects PPD intradermally 
B) uses a purified protein filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
C) will be positive if the person has had previous exposure to TB 
D) will be positive if the person has active TB 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) injects PPD intradermally 
B) uses a purified protein filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
C) will be positive if the person has had previous exposure to TB 
D) will be positive if the person has active TB 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

Diphtherotoxin targets cells in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A) pharynx and lungs 
B) lungs and heart 
C) heart and brain 
D) heart and nerves 
E) lungs and nerves 
A) pharynx and lungs 
B) lungs and heart 
C) heart and brain 
D) heart and nerves 
E) lungs and nerves

Question 20

Which of the following is not true of whooping cough?

Accepted Answer

A) Secondary infections can occur during the convalescent phase 
B) Caused by a small gram-positive rod 
C) Incubation period is 3-21 days 
D) Coldlike symptoms are common for the paroxysmal stage 
E) An uncontrollable cough occurs during the paroxysmal stage 
A) Secondary infections can occur during the convalescent phase 
B) Caused by a small gram-positive rod 
C) Incubation period is 3-21 days 
D) Coldlike symptoms are common for the paroxysmal stage 
E) An uncontrollable cough occurs during the paroxysmal stage

Exam 19: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory Systems

The main contributing factor to the evolution of MDR-TB is ________.

Which of the following pairs of defense mechanisms is mismatched?

Legionella pneumophila ________.

Antigenic drift differs from antigenic shift in that antigenic drift reflects the exchange of RNA strands between different virus strains within a common host cell,whereas antigenic shift is the gradual mutation over time of the glycoproteins on the viral envelope that bind to immune cells.

Medical professionals actually observe MDR-TB patients take their medicine through a program called DOT.

The highest incidence of histoplasmosis in the United States occurs in the ________.

The causative organism of whooping cough is ________.

Superantigens ________.

Secondary bacterial infections may occur with the common cold.

Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes include ________.

The major virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes serious systemic effects is ________.

Formation of a pseudomembrane in the back of the throat is seen in ________.

When the centers of tubercles break down into ________ lesions,they gradually heal by calcification that replaces normal lung tissue.

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis,while harder to treat because some antibiotics are ineffective,has a similar prognosis and recovery rate compared to nonresistant tuberculosis.

Hantavirus has all of the following characteristics except ________.

Influenza virus can exhibit constant mutation of viral glycoproteins called ________,or ________,a more serious phenomenon caused by the exchange of a viral gene with that of another influenza virus strain.

Tuberculin skin testing ________.

Diphtherotoxin targets cells in the ________.

Which of the following is not true of whooping cough?

Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks

Tools of the Laboratory: Methods for the Culturing and Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

Viral Structure and Multiplication

Microbial Nutrition and Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes

Antimicrobial Treatment

Interactions Between Microbes and Humans

Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

Host Defenses II: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Disorders in Immunity

Diagnosing Infections

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin and Eyes

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System

One Health: the Interconnected Health of the Environment, humans, and Other Animals

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Influenza virus can exhibit constant mutation of viral glycoproteins called ,or ,a more serious phenomenon caused by the exchange of a viral gene with that of another influenza virus strain.