Exam 11: Sustaining Change Versus Initiative Decay

_____ treats occasional failure as natural and as an opportunity to develop better understanding and to improve future performance.

According to Barry Staw and Jerry Ross, _____ leads to escalation of commitment where the lack of progress is considered to be due to a temporary problem, or where additional funding is considered likely to be effective.

The benefits of change may result in the J-curve, in which:

In the context of praiseworthy and blameworthy failures, Mitchell Marks and Robert Shaw argue that a firm may gain more in the long term from a(n) _____.

According to Kanter et al., which of the following is NOT a component of helpful metric measures?

Which of the following is NOT one of Barry Staw and Jerry Ross's factors that lead to escalation?

According to the text, which of the following was NOT a problem faced by the U.S. Postal Service in 2001?

Sustainability implies that new practices and processes are routinized until they become obsolete.

According to the _____ image of managing change, with respect to sustaining change, the change manager develops understanding of the meaning and significance of the changes and what will count as successful outcomes.

According to the _____ image of managing change, with respect to sustaining change, change outcomes will be determined primarily by contextual factors and not by management intervention.

According to the _____ image of managing change, with respect to sustaining change, the change manager designs the change process to fit the context, recognizing that modifications will be required and that the outcome may not be as intended.

According to the _____ image of managing change, with respect to sustaining change, it is the responsibility of the change manager to design the change process and direct others to comply to ensure that planned objectives are achieved.

A problem associated with sustaining change is:

The commitment of resources to an initiative in such a way that to withdraw would be extremely costly conveys _____.

According to the _____ image of managing change, with respect to sustaining change, the change manager's main role is to help others to develop the capabilities necessary to achieve the intended outcomes of the change.

Even in the best-managed situation, not all change outcomes are controllable or predictable.

Gordon Bethune, the chief executive officer of Continental Airlines, changed the core metric used by the airline to _____.

_____ measures are directly financial.

According to Barry Staw and Jerry Ross, the factor that leads to escalation resulting from an attempt to save face by committing more resources at a project in an attempt to revive it and avoid being associated with failure is known as a(n):

According to the _____ image of managing change, with respect to sustaining change, change outcomes are in constant flux and are largely beyond management control.