Question 1

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?

Accepted Answer

A)  There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A. 
B)  There are two independent variables, each with two levels in a 2 × 2 factorial design. 
C)  There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B. 
D)  There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables. 
A)  There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A. 
B)  There are two independent variables, each with two levels in a 2 × 2 factorial design. 
C)  There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B. 
D)  There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.

Question 2

Factorial designs are often employed because:

Accepted Answer

A) very few variables tend to affect behavior. 
B) they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions. 
C) two or three independent variables cannot operate simultaneously. 
D) combining all levels of each independent variable with all levels of the other independent variables is not possible. 
A) very few variables tend to affect behavior. 
B) they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions. 
C) two or three independent variables cannot operate simultaneously. 
D) combining all levels of each independent variable with all levels of the other independent variables is not possible.

Question 3

If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have?

Accepted Answer

A) Repeated measures design 
B) Mixed factorial design 
C) 1 × 2 factorial design 
D) IV × PV design 
A) Repeated measures design 
B) Mixed factorial design 
C) 1 × 2 factorial design 
D) IV × PV design

Question 4

Which of the following is true of interactions?

Accepted Answer

A) The concept of interaction is a relatively complex one that people seldom use. 
B) Interactions are a new source of information that can be obtained through a simple experimental design. 
C) When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred. 
D) An interaction shows that the effect of one independent variable does not depend on the particular level of the other. 
A) The concept of interaction is a relatively complex one that people seldom use. 
B) Interactions are a new source of information that can be obtained through a simple experimental design. 
C) When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred. 
D) An interaction shows that the effect of one independent variable does not depend on the particular level of the other.

Question 5

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the:

Accepted Answer

A) main effect of age. 
B) main effect of gender. 
C) simple main effect of age. 
D) simple main effect of gender. 
A) main effect of age. 
B) main effect of gender. 
C) simple main effect of age. 
D) simple main effect of gender.

Question 6

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:

Accepted Answer

A) three main effects. 
B) one main effect and an interaction. 
C) two interactions. 
D) two main effects and an interaction. 
A) three main effects. 
B) one main effect and an interaction. 
C) two interactions. 
D) two main effects and an interaction.

Question 7

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: temperature (low or high); illumination level (low or high); and time of testing (day or night). For a completely repeated measures design, how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition?

Accepted Answer

A) 20 
B) 150 
C) 10 
D) 100 
A) 20 
B) 150 
C) 10 
D) 100

Question 8

In a factorial design, a main effect is the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable 
B) effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables 
C) only effect of interest 
D) effect of dependent variable on the independent variable 
A) effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable 
B) effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables 
C) only effect of interest 
D) effect of dependent variable on the independent variable

Question 9

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.

Accepted Answer

A) independent 
B) dependent 
C) correlated 
D) situational 
A) independent 
B) dependent 
C) correlated 
D) situational

Question 10

If a researcher believes that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, he or she would need to:

Accepted Answer

A) manipulate two or more independent variables. 
B) have a stronger manipulation of the dependent variable. 
C) include more than two levels of the independent variable. 
D) measure more than one dependent variable. 
A) manipulate two or more independent variables. 
B) have a stronger manipulation of the dependent variable. 
C) include more than two levels of the independent variable. 
D) measure more than one dependent variable.

Question 11

A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research?

Accepted Answer

A) A third group with a moderate level of fear 
B) A less reliable measure of attitude change 
C) A stronger manipulation of fear 
D) A single level of the independent variable 
A) A third group with a moderate level of fear 
B) A less reliable measure of attitude change 
C) A stronger manipulation of fear 
D) A single level of the independent variable

Question 12

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal, over); age (young, middle, old); and gender (male, female). How many interactions are possible?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 4 
D) 18 
A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 4 
D) 18

Question 13

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:

Accepted Answer

A) male versus female viewers. 
B) viewers of erotic versus non-erotic movies. 
C) males versus females when the movie is erotic or non-erotic. 
D) movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a female. 
A) male versus female viewers. 
B) viewers of erotic versus non-erotic movies. 
C) males versus females when the movie is erotic or non-erotic. 
D) movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a female.

Question 14

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty level (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants would the researcher need?

Accepted Answer

A) 80 
B) 120 
C) 70 
D) 60 
A) 80 
B) 120 
C) 70 
D) 60

Question 15

The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design.

Accepted Answer

A) repeated measures 
B) independent groups 
C) within subjects 
D) mixed factorial 
A) repeated measures 
B) independent groups 
C) within subjects 
D) mixed factorial

Question 16

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 6 
D) 9 
A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 6 
D) 9

Question 17

Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:

Accepted Answer

A) a main effect of responsibility. 
B) a main effect of outcome. 
C) an interaction between gender and responsibility. 
D) an interaction between gender and outcome. 
A) a main effect of responsibility. 
B) a main effect of outcome. 
C) an interaction between gender and responsibility. 
D) an interaction between gender and outcome.

Question 18

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high).

Accepted Answer

A) 2 × 2 
B) 2 × 3 
C) 2 × 2 × 3 
D) 3 × 3 
E) 2 × 2 × 2 
A) 2 × 2 
B) 2 × 3 
C) 2 × 2 × 3 
D) 3 × 3 
E) 2 × 2 × 2

Question 19

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. In this design, there are _____ possible main effects and _____ possible interactions.

Accepted Answer

A) 2; 2 
B) 3; 4 
C) 3; 12 
D) 2; 3 
A) 2; 2 
B) 3; 4 
C) 3; 12 
D) 2; 3

Question 20

Which of the following is true of factorial designs?

Accepted Answer

A) It eliminates the possibility of confounding variables. 
B) All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable. 
C) A control group is unnecessary. 
D) The simplest factorial design has three independent variables, each having three levels. 
A) It eliminates the possibility of confounding variables. 
B) All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable. 
C) A control group is unnecessary. 
D) The simplest factorial design has three independent variables, each having three levels.

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?

Factorial designs are often employed because:

If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have?

Which of the following is true of interactions?

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the:

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:

In a factorial design, a main effect is the _____.

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.

If a researcher believes that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, he or she would need to:

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal, over); age (young, middle, old); and gender (male, female). How many interactions are possible?

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:

The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design.

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?

Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high).

Which of the following is true of factorial designs?

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Generalization

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Exam 10: Complex Experimental Designs

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?

Factorial designs are often employed because:

If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have?

Which of the following is true of interactions?

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the:

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:

In a factorial design, a main effect is the _____.

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.

If a researcher believes that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, he or she would need to:

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal, over); age (young, middle, old); and gender (male, female). How many interactions are possible?

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:

The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design.

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?

Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high).

Which of the following is true of factorial designs?

Scientific Understanding of Behavior

Where to Start

Ethics in Behavioral Research

Fundamental Research Issues

Measurement Concepts

Observational Methods

Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research

Experimental Design

Conducting Experiments

Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation

Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference

Generalization

Filters