Question 1

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

Accepted Answer

A)  the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. 
B)  when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. 
C)  neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. 
D)  people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. 
A)  the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. 
B)  when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. 
C)  neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. 
D)  people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana.

Question 2

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things)is best described as being

Accepted Answer

A)  specific. 
B)  subordinate. 
C)  graded. 
D)  distributed. 
A)  specific. 
B)  subordinate. 
C)  graded. 
D)  distributed.

Question 3

Spreading activation

Accepted Answer

A)  primes associated concepts. 
B)  inhibits unrelated concepts. 
C)  creates new links between associated concepts. 
D)  weakens the link between unrelated concepts. 
A)  primes associated concepts. 
B)  inhibits unrelated concepts. 
C)  creates new links between associated concepts. 
D)  weakens the link between unrelated concepts.

Question 4

According to the typicality effect,

Accepted Answer

A)  objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. 
B)  objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. 
C)  items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. 
D)  we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects. 
A)  objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. 
B)  objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. 
C)  items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. 
D)  we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects.

Question 5

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

Accepted Answer

A)  a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. 
B)  a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. 
C)  a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. 
D)  a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. 
A)  a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. 
B)  a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. 
C)  a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. 
D)  a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members.

Question 6

Explain priming in terms of spreading activation.Using a description of a lexical decision task, give an example of a prime-stimulus pair that would produce priming and another pair that would not.What do these priming effects tell us about categorization?

Accepted Answer

Priming in terms of spreading activation

Question 7

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

Accepted Answer

A)  a carrot would be named before eggplant. 
B)  an eggplant would be named before carrot. 
C)  a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first. 
D)  the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant. 
A)  a carrot would be named before eggplant. 
B)  an eggplant would be named before carrot. 
C)  a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first. 
D)  the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant.

Question 8

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Accepted Answer

A)  weights. 
B)  nodes. 
C)  hidden units. 
D)  output units. 
A)  weights. 
B)  nodes. 
C)  hidden units. 
D)  output units.

Question 9

At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 months 
B)  3-4 months 
C)  6-7 months 
D)  1 year 
A)  2 months 
B)  3-4 months 
C)  6-7 months 
D)  1 year

Question 10

Olin and Bob are neighbors.Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo.He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month.In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds.His only contact with them is in his backyard.It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

Accepted Answer

A)  more prototypes than Bob's. 
B)  more exemplars than Bob's. 
C)  more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. 
D)  the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's. 
A)  more prototypes than Bob's. 
B)  more exemplars than Bob's. 
C)  more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. 
D)  the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

Question 11

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

Accepted Answer

A)  graceful degradation 
B)  error verification 
C)  spreading activation 
D)  back propagation 
A)  graceful degradation 
B)  error verification 
C)  spreading activation 
D)  back propagation

Question 12

The definitional approach to categorization

Accepted Answer

A)  is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. 
B)  sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. 
C)  doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. 
D)  was proposed to replace the prototype approach. 
A)  is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. 
B)  sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. 
C)  doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. 
D)  was proposed to replace the prototype approach.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO 
B)  Indicate whether the following statement is true:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO 
C)  Fill in the blank in the following sentence:
An apple is a(n) ______. 
D)  Fill in the blank in the following sentence:
A(n) ______ is a fruit. 
A)  Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO 
B)  Indicate whether the following statement is true:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO 
C)  Fill in the blank in the following sentence:
An apple is a(n) ______. 
D)  Fill in the blank in the following sentence:
A(n) ______ is a fruit.

Question 14

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

Accepted Answer

A)  it loses information at a very slow rate. 
B)  damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation. 
C)  it is either functioning at 100 percent, or it is not functioning at all. 
D)  it can be set to operate at "low efficiency" or "high efficiency" depending on the demand of the current task. 
A)  it loses information at a very slow rate. 
B)  damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation. 
C)  it is either functioning at 100 percent, or it is not functioning at all. 
D)  it can be set to operate at "low efficiency" or "high efficiency" depending on the demand of the current task.

Question 15

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

Accepted Answer

A)  a statement is true. 
B)  a letter string is a word. 
C)  a stimulus is presented. 
D)  two stimuli are associated. 
A)  a statement is true. 
B)  a letter string is a word. 
C)  a stimulus is presented. 
D)  two stimuli are associated.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  It proposes a slow learning process that eventually creates a network capable of handling a wide range of inputs. 
B)  Connectionist networks respond to being damaged in ways similar to the response that occurs in actual cases of brain damage in humans. 
C)  Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. 
D)  The connectionist system learns to generalize by recognizing that properties of one concept provide information about other, related concepts. 
A)  It proposes a slow learning process that eventually creates a network capable of handling a wide range of inputs. 
B)  Connectionist networks respond to being damaged in ways similar to the response that occurs in actual cases of brain damage in humans. 
C)  Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. 
D)  The connectionist system learns to generalize by recognizing that properties of one concept provide information about other, related concepts.

Question 17

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected.The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess.Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Typical 
B)  Basic 
C)  Subordinate 
D)  Superordinate 
A)  Typical 
B)  Basic 
C)  Subordinate 
D)  Superordinate

Question 18

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

Accepted Answer

A)  too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence. 
B)  able to predict the results of a particular experiment. 
C)  able to stimulate a great deal of research to test the theory. 
D)  shown to be wrong if a particular experimental result occurs. 
A)  too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence. 
B)  able to predict the results of a particular experiment. 
C)  able to stimulate a great deal of research to test the theory. 
D)  shown to be wrong if a particular experimental result occurs.

Question 19

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary)is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Exemplar 
B)  Prototype 
C)  Definitional 
D)  Network 
A)  Exemplar 
B)  Prototype 
C)  Definitional 
D)  Network

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things)is best described as being

Spreading activation

According to the typicality effect,

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

Explain priming in terms of spreading activation.Using a description of a lexical decision task, give an example of a prime-stimulus pair that would produce priming and another pair that would not.What do these priming effects tell us about categorization?

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories?

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

The definitional approach to categorization

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary)is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network.

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory--Structure

Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

Exam 9: Knowledge

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things)is best described as being

Spreading activation

According to the typicality effect,

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

Explain priming in terms of spreading activation.Using a description of a lexical decision task, give an example of a prime-stimulus pair that would produce priming and another pair that would not.What do these priming effects tell us about categorization?

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories?

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

The definitional approach to categorization

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary)is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network.

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory--Structure

Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters