Exam 13: Reasoning and Decision Making

Utility refers to

Describe the four types of conditional syllogisms.For each type, identify which are valid and how well people judge the validity of each.

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.

Mr.Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first).Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam.Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra.It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct.To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week.Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S.started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences.One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected.A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday.Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because

For which type of syllogism do people exhibit the best performance in judging validity?

Wally and Sharon are out on a date.When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a ____ of a ____ syllogism.

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards.To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

Omission bias involves

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism?

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same.In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the

Discuss how a person's judgments are affected by the way choices are framed.Give an example of a choice framed in terms of gains.Give another example of a choice framed in terms of losses.Which decision-making strategy is likely used in each case? Why?

Define the utility approach to decisions.Explain how emotions affect decisions from this perspective.

Explain the evidence from neuropsychology and brain imaging studies showing how the prefrontal cortex is involved in problem solving and reasoning.