Question 1

The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  natural selection. 
B)  evolution. 
C)  survival of the fittest. 
D)  neural Darwinism. 
A)  natural selection. 
B)  evolution. 
C)  survival of the fittest. 
D)  neural Darwinism.

Question 2

In research aimed at minimizing damage due to stroke, attempts to prevent overstimulation of cells have produced:

Accepted Answer

A)  very promising results. 
B)  disappointing results. 
C)  a complex interaction between age of patient and season of the year. 
D)  positive results in humans, but not so for animals. 
A)  very promising results. 
B)  disappointing results. 
C)  a complex interaction between age of patient and season of the year. 
D)  positive results in humans, but not so for animals.

Question 3

The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to:

Accepted Answer

A)  overexcited neurons. 
B)  apoptosis. 
C)  decreases apoptosis. 
D)  necrosis. 
A)  overexcited neurons. 
B)  apoptosis. 
C)  decreases apoptosis. 
D)  necrosis.

Question 4

The damaging effects of a stroke can be limited if treated within a short period of time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby:

Accepted Answer

A)  injured axons to form new branches. 
B)  injured dendrites to form new branches. 
C)  uninjured axons to form new branches. 
D)  uninjured dendrites to form new branches. 
A)  injured axons to form new branches. 
B)  injured dendrites to form new branches. 
C)  uninjured axons to form new branches. 
D)  uninjured dendrites to form new branches.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins?

Accepted Answer

A)  Direct axonal growth during development. 
B)  Increase axonal branching in mature neurons. 
C)  Increase regrowth of axons after brain damage. 
D)  Induce apoptosis of neurons. 
A)  Direct axonal growth during development. 
B)  Increase axonal branching in mature neurons. 
C)  Increase regrowth of axons after brain damage. 
D)  Induce apoptosis of neurons.

Question 7

As a rule, all vertebrate neurons develop during an embryological stage. Among the few types of neurons that can develop in adulthood are:

Accepted Answer

A)  ganglion cells in the retina. 
B)  olfactory receptors. 
C)  motor nerves in the spinal cord. 
D)  long-axoned neurons of the primary motor cortex. 
A)  ganglion cells in the retina. 
B)  olfactory receptors. 
C)  motor nerves in the spinal cord. 
D)  long-axoned neurons of the primary motor cortex.

Question 8

The most likely reason that children with fetal alcohol syndrome have brain abnormalities is because alcohol:

Accepted Answer

A)  overexcites neurons. 
B)  stimulates nerve growth factor. 
C)  decreases apoptosis. 
D)  decreases release of neurotrophins. 
A)  overexcites neurons. 
B)  stimulates nerve growth factor. 
C)  decreases apoptosis. 
D)  decreases release of neurotrophins.

Question 9

What does edema mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lack of glucose 
B)  Ischemia from an obstruction of an artery 
C)  Hemorrhage of an artery 
D)  Swelling due to accumulation of fluid 
A)  Lack of glucose 
B)  Ischemia from an obstruction of an artery 
C)  Hemorrhage of an artery 
D)  Swelling due to accumulation of fluid

Question 10

Competition of neurons for postsynaptic sites results in survival of only the most successful axons. This general principle is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  natural selection. 
B)  evolution. 
C)  apoptosis. 
D)  neural Darwinism. 
A)  natural selection. 
B)  evolution. 
C)  apoptosis. 
D)  neural Darwinism.

Question 11

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  axon supersensitivity 
B)  disuse supersensitivity 
C)  enervation supersensitivity 
D)  denervation supersensitivity 
A)  axon supersensitivity 
B)  disuse supersensitivity 
C)  enervation supersensitivity 
D)  denervation supersensitivity

Question 12

A lesion in the hypothalamus can lead to decreased activity in the cerebral cortex, even though the cerebral cortex is undamaged. The decreased activity in the cortex because of the loss of incoming neurons is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  diaschisis. 
B)  deafferentation. 
C)  cytotoxicity. 
D)  hyperpolarization. 
A)  diaschisis. 
B)  deafferentation. 
C)  cytotoxicity. 
D)  hyperpolarization.

Question 13

When Sperry cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the eye by 180 degrees, each axon:

Accepted Answer

A)  degenerated. 
B)  regenerated to a random location. 
C)  regenerated to the area where it had originally been. 
D)  regenerated, but to the area appropriate to its new location. 
A)  degenerated. 
B)  regenerated to a random location. 
C)  regenerated to the area where it had originally been. 
D)  regenerated, but to the area appropriate to its new location.

Question 14

Diaschisis refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

An early and fast stage of neuronal development is myelination.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

New neurons are known to develop in all of the following cases EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory receptors. 
B)  the human corpus callosum. 
C)  the brain area responsible for birdsong. 
D)  hippocampus of mammals. 
A)  olfactory receptors. 
B)  the human corpus callosum. 
C)  the brain area responsible for birdsong. 
D)  hippocampus of mammals.

Question 17

Proliferation is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  production of new cells. 
B)  movement of primitive neurons and glia. 
C)  formation of dendrites and an axon. 
D)  insulation process that occurs on some axons. 
A)  production of new cells. 
B)  movement of primitive neurons and glia. 
C)  formation of dendrites and an axon. 
D)  insulation process that occurs on some axons.

Question 18

One limiting factor in the ability of damaged axons to regenerate in the brain and spinal cord is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  they don't have any myelin to guide them. 
B)  they regenerate only one to two millimeters. 
C)  growing dendrites compete with growing axons. 
D)  there are no muscles in the brain and spinal cord to guide the growth. 
A)  they don't have any myelin to guide them. 
B)  they regenerate only one to two millimeters. 
C)  growing dendrites compete with growing axons. 
D)  there are no muscles in the brain and spinal cord to guide the growth.

Question 19

The most common cause of brain damage in children is closed head injury.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Recent evidence suggests that adult vertebrate brains generate new neurons.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as:

In research aimed at minimizing damage due to stroke, attempts to prevent overstimulation of cells have produced:

The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to:

The damaging effects of a stroke can be limited if treated within a short period of time.

After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby:

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins?

As a rule, all vertebrate neurons develop during an embryological stage. Among the few types of neurons that can develop in adulthood are:

The most likely reason that children with fetal alcohol syndrome have brain abnormalities is because alcohol:

What does edema mean?

Competition of neurons for postsynaptic sites results in survival of only the most successful axons. This general principle is called:

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as:

A lesion in the hypothalamus can lead to decreased activity in the cerebral cortex, even though the cerebral cortex is undamaged. The decreased activity in the cortex because of the loss of incoming neurons is called:

When Sperry cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the eye by 180 degrees, each axon:

Diaschisis refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons.

An early and fast stage of neuronal development is myelination.

New neurons are known to develop in all of the following cases EXCEPT:

Proliferation is the:

One limiting factor in the ability of damaged axons to regenerate in the brain and spinal cord is that:

The most common cause of brain damage in children is closed head injury.

Recent evidence suggests that adult vertebrate brains generate new neurons.

The Major Issues

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Synapses

Anatomy of the Nervous System

Vision

The Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Wakefulness and Sleep

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Filters

Exam 5: Development and Plasticity of the Brain

The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as:

In research aimed at minimizing damage due to stroke, attempts to prevent overstimulation of cells have produced:

The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to:

The damaging effects of a stroke can be limited if treated within a short period of time.

After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby:

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins?

As a rule, all vertebrate neurons develop during an embryological stage. Among the few types of neurons that can develop in adulthood are:

The most likely reason that children with fetal alcohol syndrome have brain abnormalities is because alcohol:

What does edema mean?

Competition of neurons for postsynaptic sites results in survival of only the most successful axons. This general principle is called:

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as:

A lesion in the hypothalamus can lead to decreased activity in the cerebral cortex, even though the cerebral cortex is undamaged. The decreased activity in the cortex because of the loss of incoming neurons is called:

When Sperry cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the eye by 180 degrees, each axon:

Diaschisis refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons.

An early and fast stage of neuronal development is myelination.

New neurons are known to develop in all of the following cases EXCEPT:

Proliferation is the:

One limiting factor in the ability of damaged axons to regenerate in the brain and spinal cord is that:

The most common cause of brain damage in children is closed head injury.

Recent evidence suggests that adult vertebrate brains generate new neurons.

The Major Issues

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Synapses

Anatomy of the Nervous System

Vision

The Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Wakefulness and Sleep

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Filters