Question 1

Describe three methods of sample preparation for electron microscopy.

Accepted Answer

1. Samples can be embedded in a polymer

Question 2

Gram's iodine is the __________ in the Gram staining procedure.

Accepted Answer

A)  primary stain 
B)  counterstain 
C)  decolorizer 
D)  negative stain 
E)  mordant 
A)  primary stain 
B)  counterstain 
C)  decolorizer 
D)  negative stain 
E)  mordant

Question 3

In __________, because the frozen sample remains hydrated, the biological molecules retain the same conformation as in solution.

Accepted Answer

A)  cryo-EM 
B)  TEM 
C)  SEM 
D)  fluorescence microscopy 
E)  laser confocal microscopy 
A)  cryo-EM 
B)  TEM 
C)  SEM 
D)  fluorescence microscopy 
E)  laser confocal microscopy

Question 4

Observations of bacterial flagella during motility are best suited to:

Accepted Answer

A)  bright-field microscopy 
B)  dark-field microscopy 
C)  SEM 
D)  TEM 
E)  NMR 
A)  bright-field microscopy 
B)  dark-field microscopy 
C)  SEM 
D)  TEM 
E)  NMR

Question 5

Which technique uses interference patterns from crystallized macromolecules to determine structure at atomic resolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  SEM 
B)  TEM 
C)  cryo-EM 
D)  X-ray diffraction analysis 
E)  atomic force microscopy 
A)  SEM 
B)  TEM 
C)  cryo-EM 
D)  X-ray diffraction analysis 
E)  atomic force microscopy

Question 6

Which is the most important property that enables a lens to magnify an image?

Accepted Answer

A)  absorption 
B)  fluorescence 
C)  reflection 
D)  refraction 
E)  scattering 
A)  absorption 
B)  fluorescence 
C)  reflection 
D)  refraction 
E)  scattering

Question 7

How does laser scanning confocal microscopy produce images?

Accepted Answer

A laser beam is focused onto the specime

Question 8

Transmission electron microscopy commonly has a resolution of __________ times the highest resolution possible for light microscopy.

Accepted Answer

A)  ten 
B)  one hundred 
C)  one thousand 
D)  ten thousand 
E)  one million 
A)  ten 
B)  one hundred 
C)  one thousand 
D)  ten thousand 
E)  one million

Question 9

The digitally combined images of cryo-EM can achieve resolution comparable to that of:

Accepted Answer

A)  SEM 
B)  TEM 
C)  interference microscopy 
D)  X-ray crystallography 
E)  dark-field microscopy 
A)  SEM 
B)  TEM 
C)  interference microscopy 
D)  X-ray crystallography 
E)  dark-field microscopy

Question 10

Which form of microscopy is used with DNA microarrays to observe differences in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A)  light microscopy 
B)  atomic force microscopy 
C)  SEM 
D)  TEM 
E)  confocal fluorescence microscopy 
A)  light microscopy 
B)  atomic force microscopy 
C)  SEM 
D)  TEM 
E)  confocal fluorescence microscopy

Question 11

A useful application of dark-field optics is the study of bacterial:

Accepted Answer

A)  motility 
B)  surfaces 
C)  interiors 
D)  shape 
E)  structure 
A)  motility 
B)  surfaces 
C)  interiors 
D)  shape 
E)  structure

Question 12

When light is absorbed by an object and emitted at a longer wavelength, it is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  fluorescence 
B)  magnification 
C)  reflection 
D)  refraction 
E)  radiation 
A)  fluorescence 
B)  magnification 
C)  reflection 
D)  refraction 
E)  radiation

Question 13

Define a fluorophore and give three examples of how they can be used to label cells.

Accepted Answer

A fluorophore is a fluorescent molecule

Question 14

The use of antibodies linked to fluorophores is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  fluorescence 
B)  immunofluorescence 
C)  X-ray diffraction 
D)  atomic force microscopy 
E)  cryo-EM 
A)  fluorescence 
B)  immunofluorescence 
C)  X-ray diffraction 
D)  atomic force microscopy 
E)  cryo-EM

Question 15

Magnification without resolution is known as __________ magnification.

Accepted Answer

A)  complete 
B)  zero 
C)  maximum 
D)  total 
E)  empty 
A)  complete 
B)  zero 
C)  maximum 
D)  total 
E)  empty

Question 16

Briefly explain why or how fixatives and stains used in microscopy may introduce artifacts. How might this be determined?

Accepted Answer

A specimen may be fixed in many differen

Question 17

In fluorescence microscopy, incident light is absorbed by the specimen and reemitted at a __________ energy, resulting in a __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lower; longer wavelength 
B)  lower; shorter wavelength 
C)  higher; longer wavelength 
D)  higher; shorter wavelength 
E)  higher; higher contrast 
A)  lower; longer wavelength 
B)  lower; shorter wavelength 
C)  higher; longer wavelength 
D)  higher; shorter wavelength 
E)  higher; higher contrast

Question 18

If an object and its surroundings absorb or reflect radiation equally then the object will be:

Accepted Answer

A)  undetectable 
B)  reflected 
C)  refracted 
D)  radiated 
E)  fluoresced 
A)  undetectable 
B)  reflected 
C)  refracted 
D)  radiated 
E)  fluoresced

Question 19

Explain how the modified condenser in dark-field microscopy is used to make small microbes visible. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of dark-field microscopy.

Accepted Answer

The condenser contains an opaque disk he

Question 20

One __________ is one-thousandth of a millimeter.

Accepted Answer

A)  micrometer 
B)  nanometer 
C)  meter 
D)  centi 
E)  kilo 
A)  micrometer 
B)  nanometer 
C)  meter 
D)  centi 
E)  kilo

Exam 2: Observing the Microbial Cell

Describe three methods of sample preparation for electron microscopy.

Gram's iodine is the __________ in the Gram staining procedure.

In __________, because the frozen sample remains hydrated, the biological molecules retain the same conformation as in solution.

Observations of bacterial flagella during motility are best suited to:

Which technique uses interference patterns from crystallized macromolecules to determine structure at atomic resolution?

Which is the most important property that enables a lens to magnify an image?

How does laser scanning confocal microscopy produce images?

Transmission electron microscopy commonly has a resolution of __________ times the highest resolution possible for light microscopy.

The digitally combined images of cryo-EM can achieve resolution comparable to that of:

Which form of microscopy is used with DNA microarrays to observe differences in gene expression?

A useful application of dark-field optics is the study of bacterial:

When light is absorbed by an object and emitted at a longer wavelength, it is referred to as:

Define a fluorophore and give three examples of how they can be used to label cells.

The use of antibodies linked to fluorophores is known as:

Magnification without resolution is known as __________ magnification.

Briefly explain why or how fixatives and stains used in microscopy may introduce artifacts. How might this be determined?

In fluorescence microscopy, incident light is absorbed by the specimen and reemitted at a __________ energy, resulting in a __________.

If an object and its surroundings absorb or reflect radiation equally then the object will be:

Explain how the modified condenser in dark-field microscopy is used to make small microbes visible. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of dark-field microscopy.

One __________ is one-thousandth of a millimeter.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Virus Structure and Function

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Molecular Techniques and Biotechnology

Energetics and Catabolism

Respiration, Lithotrophy, and Photolysis

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes and the Global Environment

Human Microbiota and Nonspecific Host Defenses

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

In fluorescence microscopy, incident light is absorbed by the specimen and reemitted at a energy, resulting in a .