Question 1

Post-translational modification may involve:

Accepted Answer

A)  adenylylation 
B)  phosphorylation 
C)  acetylation 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  adenylylation 
B)  phosphorylation 
C)  acetylation 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above D

Question 2

__________ serves as a molecular clock that measures the approximate time since two species diverged.

Accepted Answer

A)  tRNA 
B)  mRNA 
C)  rRNA 
D)  sRNA 
E)  tmRNA 
A)  tRNA 
B)  mRNA 
C)  rRNA 
D)  sRNA 
E)  tmRNA C

Question 3

The typical E. coli cell has approximately how many ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

A)  100 
B)  300 
C)  1,000 
D)  18,000 
E)  100,000 
A)  100 
B)  300 
C)  1,000 
D)  18,000 
E)  100,000 D

Question 4

__________ is normally read as a stop codon but encodes tryptophan in vertebrate mitochondria.

Accepted Answer

A)  AUG 
B)  UCA 
C)  UAC 
D)  UGA 
E)  AUC 
A)  AUG 
B)  UCA 
C)  UAC 
D)  UGA 
E)  AUC

Question 5

Molecules of sRNA do not encode proteins but are used to __________ the translation of specific mRNAs into proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  start 
B)  regulate 
C)  stop 
D)  speed up 
E)  slow down 
A)  start 
B)  regulate 
C)  stop 
D)  speed up 
E)  slow down

Question 6

Eukaryotes and the archaea contain proteasomes. Compare and contrast these proteasomes in terms of structure and function.

Accepted Answer

Each proteasome is a barrel-shaped prote

Question 7

Without __________, the core RNA polymerase binds and releases DNA at random.

Accepted Answer

A)  sigma factor 
B)  initiation factor 
C)  Shine-Dalgarno sequence 
D)  peptidyltransferase 
E)  release factor 
A)  sigma factor 
B)  initiation factor 
C)  Shine-Dalgarno sequence 
D)  peptidyltransferase 
E)  release factor

Question 8

What do codons and anticodons have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are part of tRNA. 
B)  They are sequences of DNA 3 nucleotides long. 
C)  They are identical RNA sequences. 
D)  They are complementary RNA sequences. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  They are part of tRNA. 
B)  They are sequences of DNA 3 nucleotides long. 
C)  They are identical RNA sequences. 
D)  They are complementary RNA sequences. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 9

Which RNA species is a component of the 30S subunit of the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

A)  5S RNA 
B)  16S RNA 
C)  23S RNA 
D)  tRNA 
E)  mRNA 
A)  5S RNA 
B)  16S RNA 
C)  23S RNA 
D)  tRNA 
E)  mRNA

Question 10

Name two antibiotics that affect translation and explain their mode of action.

Accepted Answer

Possible answers include: Streptomycin s

Question 11

What does it mean to say that the genetic code is degenerate?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is more than one kind of amino acid in proteins. 
B)  More than one rRNA can bind to the ribosome at the same time. 
C)  A codon is composed of more than one nucleotide. 
D)  More than one codon can specify the same amino acid. 
E)  All products of translation contain a certain minimum number of mistakes, called mutations. 
A)  There is more than one kind of amino acid in proteins. 
B)  More than one rRNA can bind to the ribosome at the same time. 
C)  A codon is composed of more than one nucleotide. 
D)  More than one codon can specify the same amino acid. 
E)  All products of translation contain a certain minimum number of mistakes, called mutations.

Question 12

Where is f-met used as the N-terminal amino acid? What does that mean for the human immune response?

Accepted Answer

Only bacteria and mitochondria utilize f

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT part of initiation of transcription?

Accepted Answer

A)  the RNA polymerase holoenzyme 
B)  binding of RNA polymerase to the beginning of the gene 
C)  melting of the helix 
D)  synthesis of a primer 
E)  base pairing of the first nucleotide of the RNA 
A)  the RNA polymerase holoenzyme 
B)  binding of RNA polymerase to the beginning of the gene 
C)  melting of the helix 
D)  synthesis of a primer 
E)  base pairing of the first nucleotide of the RNA

Question 14

Similar genes within the same organism that have different functions are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  homologs 
B)  orthologs 
C)  paralogs 
D)  homogenous 
E)  synonymous 
A)  homologs 
B)  orthologs 
C)  paralogs 
D)  homogenous 
E)  synonymous

Question 15

The energy source utilized by the elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu is:

Accepted Answer

A)  proton motive force 
B)  ATP hydrolysis 
C)  GTP hydrolysis 
D)  phosphoenolpyruvate hydrolysis 
E)  none is required 
A)  proton motive force 
B)  ATP hydrolysis 
C)  GTP hydrolysis 
D)  phosphoenolpyruvate hydrolysis 
E)  none is required

Question 16

Which form of RNA has the task of unsticking stuck ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

A)  mRNA 
B)  rRNA 
C)  sRNA 
D)  tmRNA 
E)  TRNA 
A)  mRNA 
B)  rRNA 
C)  sRNA 
D)  tmRNA 
E)  TRNA

Question 17

__________ controls protein turnover by closely regulating the degradation of specific proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  Ubiquitination 
B)  Half-life 
C)  Amino acid sequence 
D)  Tertiary structure 
E)  Protease 
A)  Ubiquitination 
B)  Half-life 
C)  Amino acid sequence 
D)  Tertiary structure 
E)  Protease

Question 18

Which drug interferes with transcription in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  chloramphenicol 
B)  erythromycin 
C)  rifamycin B 
D)  streptomycin 
E)  tetracycline 
A)  chloramphenicol 
B)  erythromycin 
C)  rifamycin B 
D)  streptomycin 
E)  tetracycline

Question 19

Why is protein degradation necessary to maintain cellular health?

Accepted Answer

Many proteins are only needed at certain

Question 20

An enzyme complex called RNA polymerase, also known as __________-dependent __________ polymerase, carries out the process of transcription.

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA; DNA 
B)  transcription; DNA 
C)  transcription; RNA 
D)  DNA; RNA 
E)  translation; RNA 
A)  RNA; DNA 
B)  transcription; DNA 
C)  transcription; RNA 
D)  DNA; RNA 
E)  translation; RNA

Exam 8: Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Post-translational modification may involve:

__________ serves as a molecular clock that measures the approximate time since two species diverged.

The typical E. coli cell has approximately how many ribosomes?

__________ is normally read as a stop codon but encodes tryptophan in vertebrate mitochondria.

Molecules of sRNA do not encode proteins but are used to __________ the translation of specific mRNAs into proteins.

Eukaryotes and the archaea contain proteasomes. Compare and contrast these proteasomes in terms of structure and function.

Without __________, the core RNA polymerase binds and releases DNA at random.

What do codons and anticodons have in common?

Which RNA species is a component of the 30S subunit of the ribosome?

Name two antibiotics that affect translation and explain their mode of action.

What does it mean to say that the genetic code is degenerate?

Where is f-met used as the N-terminal amino acid? What does that mean for the human immune response?

Which of the following is NOT part of initiation of transcription?

Similar genes within the same organism that have different functions are referred to as:

The energy source utilized by the elongation factors EF-G and EF-Tu is:

Which form of RNA has the task of unsticking stuck ribosomes?

__________ controls protein turnover by closely regulating the degradation of specific proteins.

Which drug interferes with transcription in prokaryotes?

Why is protein degradation necessary to maintain cellular health?

An enzyme complex called RNA polymerase, also known as __________-dependent __________ polymerase, carries out the process of transcription.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Virus Structure and Function

Genomes and Chromosomes

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Molecular Techniques and Biotechnology

Energetics and Catabolism

Respiration, Lithotrophy, and Photolysis

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes and the Global Environment

Human Microbiota and Nonspecific Host Defenses

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

An enzyme complex called RNA polymerase, also known as -dependent polymerase, carries out the process of transcription.