Question 1

In the unweighted pair group method (UPGMA)of determining evolutionary relationships,

Accepted Answer

A) each set of taxa is connected by the shortest genetic distance. 
B) a constant rate of evolution across all lineages is assumed. 
C) a distance matrix is first constructed. 
D) A and B only 
E) A,B,and C 
A) each set of taxa is connected by the shortest genetic distance. 
B) a constant rate of evolution across all lineages is assumed. 
C) a distance matrix is first constructed. 
D) A and B only 
E) A,B,and C E

Question 2

Many viruses are helped along in generating antibody-evading capsid protein variations by replication error.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Synonymous changes that arise within coding sequences of genes

Accepted Answer

A) generally have no effect on the phenotype. 
B) are usually detrimental to fitness. 
C) may be eliminated by natural selection. 
D) occur more frequently than nonsynonymous changes. 
E) B and C only 
A) generally have no effect on the phenotype. 
B) are usually detrimental to fitness. 
C) may be eliminated by natural selection. 
D) occur more frequently than nonsynonymous changes. 
E) B and C only A

Question 4

Which of the following statements about molecular evolution is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Homologous genes often evolve in the same way. 
B) Different regions of the same gene evolve at different rates. 
C) Genes in the same organism evolve at about the same rate. 
D) Genes in different organisms evolve at about the same rate. 
E) Nucleotide substitutions are nonrandom. 
A) Homologous genes often evolve in the same way. 
B) Different regions of the same gene evolve at different rates. 
C) Genes in the same organism evolve at about the same rate. 
D) Genes in different organisms evolve at about the same rate. 
E) Nucleotide substitutions are nonrandom.

Question 5

What are the major weaknesses of the parsimony and distance matrix methods of phylogeny reconstruction?

Accepted Answer

The main problem with parsimony is that,

Question 6

Humans have an extremely high level of genetic similarity,with greater than 99% sequence identity across populations.Yet,many people appear very different phenotypically.How do you reconcile these observations?

Accepted Answer

These observations are very easily recon

Question 7

The fact that approximately 80% of the six codons that encode the amino acid leucine in yeast are UUG is an example of codon bias.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

From the standpoint of evolutionary fitness,it is expected that genes with a high rate of expression will make use of amino acids that are ________ than those amino acids used by genes with a low rate of expression.

Accepted Answer

A) more common 
B) more energetically economical 
C) more energetically costly 
D) rarer 
E) None of these 
A) more common 
B) more energetically economical 
C) more energetically costly 
D) rarer 
E) None of these

Question 9

What is the number of possible unrooted trees for 5 taxa?

Accepted Answer

A) 5 
B) 10 
C) 15 
D) 20 
E) 25 
A) 5 
B) 10 
C) 15 
D) 20 
E) 25

Question 10

Given the following aligned sequences
$\begin{array}{c}
\begin{array}{lll}
 \text {Sequence 1}\
 \text {Sequence 2}\
 \text {Sequence 3}\
 \text {Sequence} 
\end{array}
\begin{array}{lll}
 \text {ATA}\
 \text {ATA}\
 \text {ATC}\ 
\text {ATC}
\end{array}
\begin{array}{lll}
 \text {TGT}\
 \text {TGT}\
 \text {TGT}\ 
\text {TGG}
\end{array}
\begin{array}{lll}
 \text {ATA}\
 \text {TAA}\
 \text {ATA}\ 
\text {ATA}
\end{array}
\begin{array}{lll}
 \text {AAA}\
 \text {AAG}\
 \text {AGG}\ 
\text {AGG}
\end{array}
\end{array}$

identify any transitions and transversions as well as any synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions.

Accepted Answer

First codon: A to C: transversion,synony

Question 11

Genetic distance refers to the proportion of dissimilar nucleotides between two homologous sequences.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which of the following mutations is considered a synonymous change?

Accepted Answer

A) ACC to AUG 
B) CUU to AUU 
C) CUU to CUA 
D) CUU to CUA. 
E) UUU to UUA 
A) ACC to AUG 
B) CUU to AUU 
C) CUU to CUA 
D) CUU to CUA. 
E) UUU to UUA

Question 13

One problem commonly experienced in phylogeny reconstruction arises when two or more of the groups being compared have accumulated far more genetic changes (mutations)than the others in the comparison.This situation often results in a phenomenon known as "long branch attraction," in which the highly mutated lineages end up grouping together in a phylogenetic analysis even if they are distantly related.What do you think causes long branch attraction? How might it be compensated for?

Accepted Answer

Since nucleotides can change only among

Question 14

The differences in evolutionary rates of change revealed by relative rate tests may be attributable to

Accepted Answer

A) differential strength of selection. 
B) generation time. 
C) average DNA repair efficiency. 
D) differential exposure to mutagens. 
E) All of these 
A) differential strength of selection. 
B) generation time. 
C) average DNA repair efficiency. 
D) differential exposure to mutagens. 
E) All of these

Question 15

The greatest genetic differences found in humans are

Accepted Answer

A) found between individuals from different continents. 
B) found between individuals of different racial groups. 
C) found between island populations and mainland populations. 
D) found between individuals of African descent. 
E) found between individuals of European descent. 
A) found between individuals from different continents. 
B) found between individuals of different racial groups. 
C) found between island populations and mainland populations. 
D) found between individuals of African descent. 
E) found between individuals of European descent.

Question 16

Nuclear autosomal DNA sequence is more abundant than mtDNA and is therefore preferable for use in reconstructing events like domestication or human migration.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Reconstructions of the evolutionary relationships of a set of taxa are called

Accepted Answer

A) classifications. 
B) phylogenetic trees. 
C) UPGMA networks. 
D) networks. 
E) evolutionary scenarios. 
A) classifications. 
B) phylogenetic trees. 
C) UPGMA networks. 
D) networks. 
E) evolutionary scenarios.

Question 18

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have genomes that have evolved from the nuclear genomes in eukaryotes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

What is codon bias? If synonymous substitutions give the same amino acid,why should there be a bias in which codons encode that amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Codon bias is the disproportionate use o

Question 20

Indels are

Accepted Answer

A) index deletions used to identify a species. 
B) parsimonious trees. 
C) transitions and transversions combined. 
D) small deletions or insertions that produce gaps in sequence alignments. 
E) the result of codon usage bias. 
A) index deletions used to identify a species. 
B) parsimonious trees. 
C) transitions and transversions combined. 
D) small deletions or insertions that produce gaps in sequence alignments. 
E) the result of codon usage bias.

Exam 23: Molecular Evolution

In the unweighted pair group method (UPGMA)of determining evolutionary relationships,

Many viruses are helped along in generating antibody-evading capsid protein variations by replication error.

Synonymous changes that arise within coding sequences of genes

Which of the following statements about molecular evolution is true?

What are the major weaknesses of the parsimony and distance matrix methods of phylogeny reconstruction?

Humans have an extremely high level of genetic similarity,with greater than 99% sequence identity across populations.Yet,many people appear very different phenotypically.How do you reconcile these observations?

The fact that approximately 80% of the six codons that encode the amino acid leucine in yeast are UUG is an example of codon bias.

From the standpoint of evolutionary fitness,it is expected that genes with a high rate of expression will make use of amino acids that are ________ than those amino acids used by genes with a low rate of expression.

What is the number of possible unrooted trees for 5 taxa?

Given the following aligned sequences Sequence 1 Sequence 2 Sequence 3 Sequence ATA ATA ATC ATC TGT TGT TGT TGG ATA TAA ATA ATA AAA AAG AGG AGG identify any transitions and transversions as well as any synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions.

Genetic distance refers to the proportion of dissimilar nucleotides between two homologous sequences.

Which of the following mutations is considered a synonymous change?

The differences in evolutionary rates of change revealed by relative rate tests may be attributable to

The greatest genetic differences found in humans are

Nuclear autosomal DNA sequence is more abundant than mtDNA and is therefore preferable for use in reconstructing events like domestication or human migration.

Reconstructions of the evolutionary relationships of a set of taxa are called

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have genomes that have evolved from the nuclear genomes in eukaryotes.

What is codon bias? If synonymous substitutions give the same amino acid,why should there be a bias in which codons encode that amino acid?

Indels are

Genetics: An Introduction

DNA: The Genetic Material

DNA Replication

Gene Function

Gene Expression: Transcription

Gene Expression: Translation

Dna Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposable Elements

Genomics: The Mapping and Sequencing of Genomes

Functional and Comparative Genomics

Recombinant DNA Technology

Mendelian Genetics

Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

Extensions of and Deviations From Mendelian Genetic Principles

Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetics of Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Variations in Chromosome Structure and Number

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis of Development

Genetics of Cancer

Population Genetics

Quantitative Genetics

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