Question 1

Only Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

Adhesins are

Accepted Answer

A)  involved in the first step of the infectious process. 
B)  often found at the tip of pili. 
C)  found in flagella. 
D)  endotoxins. 
E)  involved in the first step of the infectious process AND often found at the tip of pili. 
A)  involved in the first step of the infectious process. 
B)  often found at the tip of pili. 
C)  found in flagella. 
D)  endotoxins. 
E)  involved in the first step of the infectious process AND often found at the tip of pili. E

Question 3

The chemical nature of exotoxins is that of a

Accepted Answer

A)  protein. 
B)  carbohydrate. 
C)  lipid. 
D)  lipopolysaccharide. 
A)  protein. 
B)  carbohydrate. 
C)  lipid. 
D)  lipopolysaccharide. A

Question 4

A human fetus has no resident microbial population.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

The infectious dose

Accepted Answer

A)  is the same for all microorganisms. 
B)  may be 10-100 cells for Salmonella. 
C)  is expressed as ID50. 
D)  is defined as the number of microbes necessary to ensure infection. 
E)  is expressed as ID50 AND is defined as the number of microbes necessary to ensure infection. 
A)  is the same for all microorganisms. 
B)  may be 10-100 cells for Salmonella. 
C)  is expressed as ID50. 
D)  is defined as the number of microbes necessary to ensure infection. 
E)  is expressed as ID50 AND is defined as the number of microbes necessary to ensure infection.

Question 6

The spread of toxin via circulation is called

Accepted Answer

A)  septicemia. 
B)  bacteremia. 
C)  sepsis. 
D)  toxemia. 
A)  septicemia. 
B)  bacteremia. 
C)  sepsis. 
D)  toxemia.

Question 7

Which of the following factors is not considered important for the establishment of an infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  adherence 
B)  dose 
C)  toxicity 
D)  virulence factors 
A)  adherence 
B)  dose 
C)  toxicity 
D)  virulence factors

Question 8

The composition of the normal flora may be affected by

Accepted Answer

A)  hormonal changes. 
B)  use of antibiotics. 
C)  obesity level. 
D)  diet. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  hormonal changes. 
B)  use of antibiotics. 
C)  obesity level. 
D)  diet. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Opportunists or opportunistic pathogens

Accepted Answer

A)  are usually saprophytes. 
B)  take advantage of special circumstances. 
C)  are usually mutualistic. 
D)  always cause disease. 
A)  are usually saprophytes. 
B)  take advantage of special circumstances. 
C)  are usually mutualistic. 
D)  always cause disease.

Question 10

Growth of a parasitic organism in or on the host is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  colonization. 
B)  infection. 
C)  pathogenism. 
D)  mutualism. 
A)  colonization. 
B)  infection. 
C)  pathogenism. 
D)  mutualism.

Question 11

Which of the following is/are true about endotoxins?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lipid A is the toxic portion of the molecule. 
B)  The toxic effects depend on the bacteria from which it came. 
C)  The lipid A is immunogenic. 
D)  They are proteins. 
E)  The toxic effects depend on the bacteria from which it came AND they are proteins. 
A)  Lipid A is the toxic portion of the molecule. 
B)  The toxic effects depend on the bacteria from which it came. 
C)  The lipid A is immunogenic. 
D)  They are proteins. 
E)  The toxic effects depend on the bacteria from which it came AND they are proteins.

Question 12

C5a peptidase

Accepted Answer

A)  is a virulence factor. 
B)  synthesizes C5a. 
C)  is produced by the host cell in response to infection. 
D)  is a molecule promoting chemotaxis. 
E)  is a virulence factor AND is a molecule promoting chemotaxis. 
A)  is a virulence factor. 
B)  synthesizes C5a. 
C)  is produced by the host cell in response to infection. 
D)  is a molecule promoting chemotaxis. 
E)  is a virulence factor AND is a molecule promoting chemotaxis.

Question 13

The interaction of all organisms within a biological community is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  dialogue. 
B)  chat room. 
C)  ecosystem. 
D)  relationship. 
A)  dialogue. 
B)  chat room. 
C)  ecosystem. 
D)  relationship.

Question 14

Typically, adhesins

Accepted Answer

A)  are found on pili. 
B)  help bacteria attach to host cells. 
C)  are proteins. 
D)  are found on host cells. 
E)  are found on pili, help bacteria attach to host cells AND are proteins. 
A)  are found on pili. 
B)  help bacteria attach to host cells. 
C)  are proteins. 
D)  are found on host cells. 
E)  are found on pili, help bacteria attach to host cells AND are proteins.

Question 15

Home-canned foods should be boiled before consumption to prevent botulism. Considering that this treatment does NOT destroy endospores, why would it be helpful in preventing the disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because it would destroy the vegetative cells, and only the vegetative cells cause the disease. 
B)  Because it would at least weaken the endospores, making them more susceptible to elimination by our immune system. 
C)  Because the heat would denature the botulism exotoxin and inactivate it. The exotoxin is what leads to the disease symptoms, so this would make the food safer. 
D)  Because the heat would denature the botulism endotoxin and inactivate it. The endotoxin is what leads to the disease symptoms, so this would make the food safer. 
A)  Because it would destroy the vegetative cells, and only the vegetative cells cause the disease. 
B)  Because it would at least weaken the endospores, making them more susceptible to elimination by our immune system. 
C)  Because the heat would denature the botulism exotoxin and inactivate it. The exotoxin is what leads to the disease symptoms, so this would make the food safer. 
D)  Because the heat would denature the botulism endotoxin and inactivate it. The endotoxin is what leads to the disease symptoms, so this would make the food safer.

Question 16

A number of viruses often include a similar set of symptoms when they cause an infectious disease state (fever, headache, fatigue, runny nose). Why would they all cause the same symptoms if they're different viruses?

Accepted Answer

A)  They all possess the same basic virulence genes and molecules, so they all trigger the same responses. 
B)  The symptoms are associated with the immune system's response, NOT the molecules from the pathogens themselves. Our responses against viruses are fairly similar, regardless of virus type, so the symptoms are similar. 
C)  Most viruses infect the upper respiratory tract-this leads to the common set of symptoms listed above. Only a few viruses infect areas away from this region. 
D)  Viruses specifically infect mainly epithelial membranes. As such, the virally-induced reaction is similar in different areas of the body due to the same basic cell types (epithelial cells) being infected in each area. 
A)  They all possess the same basic virulence genes and molecules, so they all trigger the same responses. 
B)  The symptoms are associated with the immune system's response, NOT the molecules from the pathogens themselves. Our responses against viruses are fairly similar, regardless of virus type, so the symptoms are similar. 
C)  Most viruses infect the upper respiratory tract-this leads to the common set of symptoms listed above. Only a few viruses infect areas away from this region. 
D)  Viruses specifically infect mainly epithelial membranes. As such, the virally-induced reaction is similar in different areas of the body due to the same basic cell types (epithelial cells) being infected in each area.

Question 17

Species of both Shigella and Streptococcus

Accepted Answer

A)  invade host cells. 
B)  produce a toxin. 
C)  cause ergot poisoning. 
D)  are delivered via flea bites. 
E)  invade host cells AND produce a toxin. 
A)  invade host cells. 
B)  produce a toxin. 
C)  cause ergot poisoning. 
D)  are delivered via flea bites. 
E)  invade host cells AND produce a toxin.

Question 18

The resident microbial population of the human fetus is

Accepted Answer

A)  zero. 
B)  sparse. 
C)  complex. 
D)  symbiotic. 
A)  zero. 
B)  sparse. 
C)  complex. 
D)  symbiotic.

Question 19

Which is true about botox?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is an endotoxin. 
B)  It is produced by S. aureus. 
C)  It may cause botulism. 
D)  It is useful in treating conditions related to muscle contractions. 
E)  It may cause botulism AND it is useful in treating conditions related to muscle contractions. 
A)  It is an endotoxin. 
B)  It is produced by S. aureus. 
C)  It may cause botulism. 
D)  It is useful in treating conditions related to muscle contractions. 
E)  It may cause botulism AND it is useful in treating conditions related to muscle contractions.

Question 20

The idea that communicable diseases were caused by the passage of living things from one person to another was first put forth by

Accepted Answer

A)  Fracastorius. 
B)  Pasteur. 
C)  Thucydides. 
D)  Leeuwenhoek. 
A)  Fracastorius. 
B)  Pasteur. 
C)  Thucydides. 
D)  Leeuwenhoek.

Exam 16: Host-Microbe Interactions

Only Gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins.

Adhesins are

The chemical nature of exotoxins is that of a

A human fetus has no resident microbial population.

The infectious dose

The spread of toxin via circulation is called

Which of the following factors is not considered important for the establishment of an infection?

The composition of the normal flora may be affected by

Opportunists or opportunistic pathogens

Growth of a parasitic organism in or on the host is referred to as

Which of the following is/are true about endotoxins?

C5a peptidase

The interaction of all organisms within a biological community is called a(n)

Typically, adhesins

Home-canned foods should be boiled before consumption to prevent botulism. Considering that this treatment does NOT destroy endospores, why would it be helpful in preventing the disease?

A number of viruses often include a similar set of symptoms when they cause an infectious disease state (fever, headache, fatigue, runny nose). Why would they all cause the same symptoms if they're different viruses?

Species of both Shigella and Streptococcus

The resident microbial population of the human fetus is

Which is true about botox?

The idea that communicable diseases were caused by the passage of living things from one person to another was first put forth by

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant Dna

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotes

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Immunologic Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Infections

Nervous System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Hiv Disease and Complications of Immunodeficiency

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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