Question 1

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal, or polyclonal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Since the infection is from only a single agent/microbe, the antibodies would be monoclonal. 
B)  Since a single pathogen has multiple antigens, and each antigen has multiple epitopes, the responding antibodies to a whole pathogen would be polyclonal. 
C)  Since the pathogen would most likely mutate slightly during the infection (producing different epitopes), the responding antibodies would be polyclonal. 
D)  Since the pathogen would acquire and modify self-antigens during the infectious process, the antibodies produced during the response would be polyclonal. 
A)  Since the infection is from only a single agent/microbe, the antibodies would be monoclonal. 
B)  Since a single pathogen has multiple antigens, and each antigen has multiple epitopes, the responding antibodies to a whole pathogen would be polyclonal. 
C)  Since the pathogen would most likely mutate slightly during the infection (producing different epitopes), the responding antibodies would be polyclonal. 
D)  Since the pathogen would acquire and modify self-antigens during the infectious process, the antibodies produced during the response would be polyclonal. B

Question 2

Precipitation occurs when

Accepted Answer

A)  antigen combines with antigen. 
B)  antibody combines with antibody. 
C)  antibody combines with antigen. 
D)  antibody combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
A)  antigen combines with antigen. 
B)  antibody combines with antibody. 
C)  antibody combines with antigen. 
D)  antibody combines with antigen at optimal proportions. D

Question 3

Immunological tests may determine the presence of

Accepted Answer

A)  only antibody. 
B)  only antigen. 
C)  antigen or antibody. 
D)  neither antibody nor antigen. 
A)  only antibody. 
B)  only antigen. 
C)  antigen or antibody. 
D)  neither antibody nor antigen. C

Question 4

The term vaccination

Accepted Answer

A)  is a general term that would include the process of variolation. 
B)  was coined by Jenner. 
C)  was coined by Pasteur. 
D)  comes from the Latin for cow, vacca. 
E)  is a general term that would include the process of variolation, was coined by Pasteur AND comes from the Latin for cow, vacca. 
A)  is a general term that would include the process of variolation. 
B)  was coined by Jenner. 
C)  was coined by Pasteur. 
D)  comes from the Latin for cow, vacca. 
E)  is a general term that would include the process of variolation, was coined by Pasteur AND comes from the Latin for cow, vacca.

Question 5

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256, the titer is

Accepted Answer

A)  128. 
B)  1/512. 
C)  1/256. 
D)  256. 
A)  128. 
B)  1/512. 
C)  1/256. 
D)  256.

Question 6

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Accepted Answer

A)  viruses. 
B)  bacteria. 
C)  toxins. 
D)  polysaccharides. 
E)  viruses AND bacteria. 
A)  viruses. 
B)  bacteria. 
C)  toxins. 
D)  polysaccharides. 
E)  viruses AND bacteria.

Question 7

Precipitation reactions depend on

Accepted Answer

A)  the antigen having one epitope. 
B)  the antibody having one epitope. 
C)  the antigen having two or more epitopes. 
D)  the antigen having no epitopes. 
A)  the antigen having one epitope. 
B)  the antibody having one epitope. 
C)  the antigen having two or more epitopes. 
D)  the antigen having no epitopes.

Question 8

The vaccine that is stable to heat, has little unwanted material and causes minimal side effects is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  inactive vaccine. 
B)  active vaccine. 
C)  toxoid. 
D)  peptide. 
A)  inactive vaccine. 
B)  active vaccine. 
C)  toxoid. 
D)  peptide.

Question 9

Which plant has been used to deliver vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A)  peanuts 
B)  lima beans 
C)  spinach 
D)  potatoes 
A)  peanuts 
B)  lima beans 
C)  spinach 
D)  potatoes

Question 10

Attenuated agents often give rise to a long-lasting immunity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The Salk vaccine

Accepted Answer

A)  contains live attenuated virus. 
B)  contains inactivated virus. 
C)  contains a portion of the polio virus. 
D)  occasionally causes disease. 
A)  contains live attenuated virus. 
B)  contains inactivated virus. 
C)  contains a portion of the polio virus. 
D)  occasionally causes disease.

Question 12

Recombinant vaccines and inactivated vaccines typically require several shots to be effective.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseases such as tetanus or botulism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Time. You can quickly neutralize the toxin with a passive administration of antibodies to save the patient's life when no is available for them to make their own active immune response. 
B)  Cost. It's far cheaper to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively-immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
C)  Safety of delivery. It's far safer to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively-immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
D)  Handling of treatment. It's difficult to keep vaccines stored properly to keep their potency, especially in 3rd world countries without adequate 'cold chains' for transport into jungles and deserts. It's much easier to keep a batch of antibodies stable, even in extremes of heat and humidity. 
A)  Time. You can quickly neutralize the toxin with a passive administration of antibodies to save the patient's life when no is available for them to make their own active immune response. 
B)  Cost. It's far cheaper to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively-immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
C)  Safety of delivery. It's far safer to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively-immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
D)  Handling of treatment. It's difficult to keep vaccines stored properly to keep their potency, especially in 3rd world countries without adequate 'cold chains' for transport into jungles and deserts. It's much easier to keep a batch of antibodies stable, even in extremes of heat and humidity.

Question 14

Agglutination reactions utilize particles rather than molecules.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The serology test that may show the antigen-antibody complex as yellow-green under the microscope while using an ultraviolet light is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  radioimmunoassay. 
B)  fluorescent antibody test. 
C)  ELISA test. 
D)  AIDS test. 
A)  radioimmunoassay. 
B)  fluorescent antibody test. 
C)  ELISA test. 
D)  AIDS test.

Question 16

An adjuvant has been developed from Lipid A

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Accepted Answer

A)  Haemophilus influenza type b. 
B)  diphtheria. 
C)  herpes simplex type I. 
D)  polio. 
E)  diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I. 
A)  Haemophilus influenza type b. 
B)  diphtheria. 
C)  herpes simplex type I. 
D)  polio. 
E)  diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I.

Question 18

Immunodiffusion tests

Accepted Answer

A)  allow detection of specific antigens. 
B)  are a simple method that produces visible results in the zone of optimal proportion. 
C)  allow quantitation of antigen concentrations. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  allow detection of specific antigens. 
B)  are a simple method that produces visible results in the zone of optimal proportion. 
C)  allow quantitation of antigen concentrations. 
D)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

Why is a false positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood for transfusions?

Accepted Answer

A)  It isn't-both are equally dangerous/significant. False positives in PEOPLE can lead to psychological trauma, but false positives in BLOOD could lead to the useful blood being disposed. 
B)  A false positive in a PERSON is easily re-testable. This makes it more significant, because we would simply quickly retest the person to verify their actual HIV status. 
C)  A false positive in BLOOD is easily re-testable. This makes it less significant, because we would simply quickly retest the blood to verify its actual HIV status. 
D)  This statement is backwards-false positives in blood testing are more significant. If the false positive rate is high and we don't realize it, we're more likely to dispose useful blood. This could lead to acute shortages of blood for patients that need transfusions. 
A)  It isn't-both are equally dangerous/significant. False positives in PEOPLE can lead to psychological trauma, but false positives in BLOOD could lead to the useful blood being disposed. 
B)  A false positive in a PERSON is easily re-testable. This makes it more significant, because we would simply quickly retest the person to verify their actual HIV status. 
C)  A false positive in BLOOD is easily re-testable. This makes it less significant, because we would simply quickly retest the blood to verify its actual HIV status. 
D)  This statement is backwards-false positives in blood testing are more significant. If the false positive rate is high and we don't realize it, we're more likely to dispose useful blood. This could lead to acute shortages of blood for patients that need transfusions.

Question 20

A recombinant vaccine is used to protect against

Accepted Answer

A)  polio. 
B)  diphtheria. 
C)  hepatitis B 
D)  pertussis. 
A)  polio. 
B)  diphtheria. 
C)  hepatitis B 
D)  pertussis.

Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal, or polyclonal?

Precipitation occurs when

Immunological tests may determine the presence of

The term vaccination

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256, the titer is

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Precipitation reactions depend on

The vaccine that is stable to heat, has little unwanted material and causes minimal side effects is called a(n)

Which plant has been used to deliver vaccine?

Attenuated agents often give rise to a long-lasting immunity.

The Salk vaccine

Recombinant vaccines and inactivated vaccines typically require several shots to be effective.

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseases such as tetanus or botulism?

Agglutination reactions utilize particles rather than molecules.

The serology test that may show the antigen-antibody complex as yellow-green under the microscope while using an ultraviolet light is known as the

An adjuvant has been developed from Lipid A

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Immunodiffusion tests

Why is a false positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood for transfusions?

A recombinant vaccine is used to protect against

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant Dna

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotes

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunologic Disorders

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Infections

Nervous System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Hiv Disease and Complications of Immunodeficiency

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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