Question 1

The most serious disadvantage of the case study method,because of internal validity issues,is the

Accepted Answer

A) difficulty of making causal inferences regarding the effect of treatment. 
B) limitation of information based on self-reports. 
C) possible problem of generalizing from a single individual. 
D) possible problem of observer bias affecting the interpretation of the outcome. 
A) difficulty of making causal inferences regarding the effect of treatment. 
B) limitation of information based on self-reports. 
C) possible problem of generalizing from a single individual. 
D) possible problem of observer bias affecting the interpretation of the outcome. A

Question 2

Which of the following patterns represents an ideal baseline in a single-subject experimental design?

Accepted Answer

A) jagged line with several peaks and valleys 
B) line with a positive slope (diagonal from lower left to upper right) 
C) line with a negative slope (diagonal from upper left to lower right) 
D) line with zero slope (horizontal line) 
A) jagged line with several peaks and valleys 
B) line with a positive slope (diagonal from lower left to upper right) 
C) line with a negative slope (diagonal from upper left to lower right) 
D) line with zero slope (horizontal line) D

Question 3

Case studies have been used successfully to study individuals with brain disorders and individuals with exceptional memory abilities.These studies illustrate the use of the case study method to

Accepted Answer

A) apply the nomothetic approach. 
B) test a clinical innovation. 
C) provide conclusive evidence for a particular theory. 
D) study rare phenomena. 
A) apply the nomothetic approach. 
B) test a clinical innovation. 
C) provide conclusive evidence for a particular theory. 
D) study rare phenomena. D

Question 4

What two methodological problems dealing with the measurement of baselines apply to all single-subject experimental designs?

Accepted Answer

The two methodological problems associat

Question 5

Single-subject experiments differ from the case study method in that single-subject experiments

Accepted Answer

A) rely more heavily on introspective reports by participants. 
B) allow the simultaneous manipulation of several independent variables. 
C) systematically contrast conditions within an individual whose behavior is being continuously monitored. 
D) provide a more flexible alternative to the more highly controlled case study methoD. 
A) rely more heavily on introspective reports by participants. 
B) allow the simultaneous manipulation of several independent variables. 
C) systematically contrast conditions within an individual whose behavior is being continuously monitored. 
D) provide a more flexible alternative to the more highly controlled case study methoD.

Question 6

The major difficulty with the case study method as a basis for drawing cause-and-effect conclusions is that

Accepted Answer

A) coding of the results cannot be done reliably and validly. 
B) biases of the researcher must dominate the interpretation of the results. 
C) excessive constraints on the external validity of the case study prevent causal inference. 
D) the simultaneous use of several treatments and failure to control extraneous variables prevent causal inference. 
A) coding of the results cannot be done reliably and validly. 
B) biases of the researcher must dominate the interpretation of the results. 
C) excessive constraints on the external validity of the case study prevent causal inference. 
D) the simultaneous use of several treatments and failure to control extraneous variables prevent causal inference.

Question 7

Case studies sometimes provide evidence for the "success" of a particular treatment.People often find reports of these successful treatments highly persuasive.People are persuaded by testimonial evidence primarily because they fail to

Accepted Answer

A) consider why the treatment would not work for them. 
B) see the personal relevance of the case study to their own situation. 
C) check thoroughly into the qualifications of those who conducted the case study. 
D) consider why the treatment would work for them. 
A) consider why the treatment would not work for them. 
B) see the personal relevance of the case study to their own situation. 
C) check thoroughly into the qualifications of those who conducted the case study. 
D) consider why the treatment would work for them.

Question 8

If the treatment is responsible for changing behavior in a multiple-baseline design across individuals,then an effect in the behavioral record will be seen

Accepted Answer

A) at the same time for every individual. 
B) immediately after the application of the treatment in each individual. 
C) just before the application of the treatment in each individual. 
D) immediately after the time when each individual's baseline stabilizes. 
A) at the same time for every individual. 
B) immediately after the application of the treatment in each individual. 
C) just before the application of the treatment in each individual. 
D) immediately after the time when each individual's baseline stabilizes.

Question 9

In a multiple-baseline design,the target behavior should change

Accepted Answer

A) long before the onset of the treatment. 
B) just before the onset of the treatment. 
C) long after the onset of the treatment. 
D) just after the onset of the treatment. 
A) long before the onset of the treatment. 
B) just before the onset of the treatment. 
C) long after the onset of the treatment. 
D) just after the onset of the treatment.

Question 10

A woman sought treatment for her symptoms of depression and anxiety. The psychologist, after checking his references for the best treatment given her symptoms, began twice-a-week cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. By the end of eight weeks, she reported that she was much better, and had only occasional symptoms of depression and anxiety, which she considered to be normal. The psychologist wrote a report describing the results of his study, stating that her improvement offers conclusive support for the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
-What type of research did this psychologist conduct?

Accepted Answer

The psycho

Question 11

Which of the following is not an acceptable approach for addressing the problem of excessive baseline variability in single-subject designs?

Accepted Answer

A) dropping the results for those subjects whose baselines show excessive variability 
B) averaging across several data points in the baseline 
C) "waiting it out" - continue taking baseline measures until behavior stabilizes 
D) removing factors in the situation that might be producing the variability 
A) dropping the results for those subjects whose baselines show excessive variability 
B) averaging across several data points in the baseline 
C) "waiting it out" - continue taking baseline measures until behavior stabilizes 
D) removing factors in the situation that might be producing the variability

Question 12

Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the case study method.

Accepted Answer

The cited advantages could be any two of

Question 13

Which of the following characteristics is present in a typical case study?

Accepted Answer

A) extraneous variables are controlled 
B) treatment variables are often varied systematically 
C) several different treatments are often applied simultaneously 
D) all of these 
A) extraneous variables are controlled 
B) treatment variables are often varied systematically 
C) several different treatments are often applied simultaneously 
D) all of these

Question 14

Single-subject research designs have been criticized because

Accepted Answer

A) researchers often test complicated interactions among variables. 
B) some participants do not receive treatment. 
C) the external validity of the findings may be limited. 
D) all of these 
A) researchers often test complicated interactions among variables. 
B) some participants do not receive treatment. 
C) the external validity of the findings may be limited. 
D) all of these

Question 15

When the effect of an intervention in a single-subject design is in the same direction as a baseline trend (either increasing or decreasing),the researcher

Accepted Answer

A) can be extra confident regarding the effectiveness of the treatment. 
B) can be confident that the treatment did not work because of the baseline trend. 
C) cannot make firm conclusions about the effectiveness of the treatment. 
D) none of these 
A) can be extra confident regarding the effectiveness of the treatment. 
B) can be confident that the treatment did not work because of the baseline trend. 
C) cannot make firm conclusions about the effectiveness of the treatment. 
D) none of these

Question 16

Describe the common features that are present in both ABAB and multiple-baseline experimental designs.

Accepted Answer

There are three stages in both the ABAB

Question 17

Problems of observer bias can arise in the context of a case study because

Accepted Answer

A) extraneous variables are often uncontrolled. 
B) the nomothetic approach is especially prone to observer bias. 
C) the researcher is often both observer and participant. 
D) case studies typically involve unobtrusive observation. 
A) extraneous variables are often uncontrolled. 
B) the nomothetic approach is especially prone to observer bias. 
C) the researcher is often both observer and participant. 
D) case studies typically involve unobtrusive observation.

Question 18

Idiographic research,as represented by the case study method,has the potential to reveal

Accepted Answer

A) causal mechanisms underlying behavior. 
B) nuances and subtleties of behavior. 
C) contradictory effects in well-controlled treatment studies. 
D) definitive evidence for the effectiveness of a particular treatment. 
A) causal mechanisms underlying behavior. 
B) nuances and subtleties of behavior. 
C) contradictory effects in well-controlled treatment studies. 
D) definitive evidence for the effectiveness of a particular treatment.

Question 19

A clinical psychologist seeks to increase the amount of time a child is able to work on a task.In order to make an interpretation about the effect of treatment using an ABAB design,the least problematic initial baseline period would show

Accepted Answer

A) an unstable pattern of behavior. 
B) discontinuity from the beginning to the end of the baseline observations. 
C) an increasing trend in the amount of time the child spends working on the task. 
D) a decreasing trend in the amount of time the child spends working on the task. 
A) an unstable pattern of behavior. 
B) discontinuity from the beginning to the end of the baseline observations. 
C) an increasing trend in the amount of time the child spends working on the task. 
D) a decreasing trend in the amount of time the child spends working on the task.

Question 20

A serious problem of interpretation can arise in the ABAB design when

Accepted Answer

A) performance in the initial baseline period is too high or too low. 
B) performance in the second baseline period does not reverse,that is,return to the level in the initial baseline period. 
C) performance in the second baseline period is worse than it was in the initial baseline period. 
D) performance improves to the same degree in both intervention periods. 
A) performance in the initial baseline period is too high or too low. 
B) performance in the second baseline period does not reverse,that is,return to the level in the initial baseline period. 
C) performance in the second baseline period is worse than it was in the initial baseline period. 
D) performance improves to the same degree in both intervention periods.

The most serious disadvantage of the case study method,because of internal validity issues,is the

Which of the following patterns represents an ideal baseline in a single-subject experimental design?

Case studies have been used successfully to study individuals with brain disorders and individuals with exceptional memory abilities.These studies illustrate the use of the case study method to

What two methodological problems dealing with the measurement of baselines apply to all single-subject experimental designs?

Single-subject experiments differ from the case study method in that single-subject experiments

The major difficulty with the case study method as a basis for drawing cause-and-effect conclusions is that

Case studies sometimes provide evidence for the "success" of a particular treatment.People often find reports of these successful treatments highly persuasive.People are persuaded by testimonial evidence primarily because they fail to

If the treatment is responsible for changing behavior in a multiple-baseline design across individuals,then an effect in the behavioral record will be seen

In a multiple-baseline design,the target behavior should change

Which of the following is not an acceptable approach for addressing the problem of excessive baseline variability in single-subject designs?

Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the case study method.

Which of the following characteristics is present in a typical case study?

Single-subject research designs have been criticized because

When the effect of an intervention in a single-subject design is in the same direction as a baseline trend (either increasing or decreasing),the researcher

Describe the common features that are present in both ABAB and multiple-baseline experimental designs.

Problems of observer bias can arise in the context of a case study because

Idiographic research,as represented by the case study method,has the potential to reveal

A clinical psychologist seeks to increase the amount of time a child is able to work on a task.In order to make an interpretation about the effect of treatment using an ABAB design,the least problematic initial baseline period would show

A serious problem of interpretation can arise in the ABAB design when

Introduction

The Scientifi C Method

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Observation

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Complex Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters

Exam 9: Single-Case Designs and Small-N Research

The most serious disadvantage of the case study method,because of internal validity issues,is the

Which of the following patterns represents an ideal baseline in a single-subject experimental design?

Case studies have been used successfully to study individuals with brain disorders and individuals with exceptional memory abilities.These studies illustrate the use of the case study method to

What two methodological problems dealing with the measurement of baselines apply to all single-subject experimental designs?

Single-subject experiments differ from the case study method in that single-subject experiments

The major difficulty with the case study method as a basis for drawing cause-and-effect conclusions is that

Case studies sometimes provide evidence for the "success" of a particular treatment.People often find reports of these successful treatments highly persuasive.People are persuaded by testimonial evidence primarily because they fail to

If the treatment is responsible for changing behavior in a multiple-baseline design across individuals,then an effect in the behavioral record will be seen

In a multiple-baseline design,the target behavior should change

Which of the following is not an acceptable approach for addressing the problem of excessive baseline variability in single-subject designs?

Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the case study method.

Which of the following characteristics is present in a typical case study?

Single-subject research designs have been criticized because

When the effect of an intervention in a single-subject design is in the same direction as a baseline trend (either increasing or decreasing),the researcher

Describe the common features that are present in both ABAB and multiple-baseline experimental designs.

Problems of observer bias can arise in the context of a case study because

Idiographic research,as represented by the case study method,has the potential to reveal

A clinical psychologist seeks to increase the amount of time a child is able to work on a task.In order to make an interpretation about the effect of treatment using an ABAB design,the least problematic initial baseline period would show

A serious problem of interpretation can arise in the ABAB design when

Introduction

The Scientifi C Method

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Observation

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Complex Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters