Question 1

The application of single-subject experimental designs to socially relevant problems has its origin in

Accepted Answer

A) behaviorism and the experimental analysis of behavior. 
B) neuropsychology and the examination of individuals with rare brain disorders. 
C) the study of children who have been severely neglected. 
D) psychoanalytic theory and intensive psychoanalysis of individuals. 
A) behaviorism and the experimental analysis of behavior. 
B) neuropsychology and the examination of individuals with rare brain disorders. 
C) the study of children who have been severely neglected. 
D) psychoanalytic theory and intensive psychoanalysis of individuals.

Question 2

Figure:
Suppose the following data were observed for an individual who sought treatment for kleptomania.Using a single-subject experiment,the psychologist used "covert sensitization" to treat the stealing behavior across a number of different situations (e.g. ,stealing at the hardware store,drug store,discount store).Covert sensitization was applied systematically to each situation.The psychologist concluded that the treatment was very effective for reducing kleptomania.
As shown in the following graphs,an initial baseline period was conducted for each of three situations.The session in which covert sensitization was implemented is indicated with each situation.The dependent variable is the number of shoplifted items.  
-What type of research design was used in this study? [Be specific.]

Accepted Answer

The psychologist use

Question 3

Figure:
Suppose the following data were observed for an individual who sought treatment for kleptomania.Using a single-subject experiment,the psychologist used "covert sensitization" to treat the stealing behavior across a number of different situations (e.g. ,stealing at the hardware store,drug store,discount store).Covert sensitization was applied systematically to each situation.The psychologist concluded that the treatment was very effective for reducing kleptomania.
As shown in the following graphs,an initial baseline period was conducted for each of three situations.The session in which covert sensitization was implemented is indicated with each situation.The dependent variable is the number of shoplifted items.  
-What is your conclusion about the effectiveness of treatment? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

A causal inference about the effectivene

Question 4

In the nomothetic approach to the study of psychology,researchers generally conduct

Accepted Answer

A) studies of many individuals and use their average behavior to describe how people behave in general. 
B) intensive studies of an individual to describe the unique aspects of individuals. 
C) studies of many individuals and use their average behavior to describe the unique aspects of individuals. 
D) intensive studies of an individual to describe the way people behave in general. 
A) studies of many individuals and use their average behavior to describe how people behave in general. 
B) intensive studies of an individual to describe the unique aspects of individuals. 
C) studies of many individuals and use their average behavior to describe the unique aspects of individuals. 
D) intensive studies of an individual to describe the way people behave in general.

Question 5

A researcher administers a treatment to four children in succession and monitors whether each child's behavior changes with the onset of the treatment.The researcher is using a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) ABAB design. 
B) multiple-baseline design. 
C) case study. 
D) successive independent samples design. 
A) ABAB design. 
B) multiple-baseline design. 
C) case study. 
D) successive independent samples design.

Question 6

Researchers are often unable to control extraneous variables when they use the case study method.This poor degree of control makes it difficult to use the case study method to

Accepted Answer

A) develop predictions of behavior. 
B) consider alternative theoretical explanations of behavior. 
C) draw cause-and-effect conclusions about behavior. 
D) develop descriptions of behavior. 
A) develop predictions of behavior. 
B) consider alternative theoretical explanations of behavior. 
C) draw cause-and-effect conclusions about behavior. 
D) develop descriptions of behavior.

Question 7

Which of the following designs is used when the researcher focuses on the way behavior changes with the systematic introduction and withdrawal of the treatment?

Accepted Answer

A) successive treatment design 
B) multiple baseline design 
C) case study 
D) ABAB design 
A) successive treatment design 
B) multiple baseline design 
C) case study 
D) ABAB design

Question 8

A frequent criticism of single-subject designs is that the external validity of these designs is limited.Which of the following does not refute this criticism?

Accepted Answer

A) Single-subject designs allow for successive administrations of the same intervention to the same person. 
B) Multiple-baseline designs across subjects can demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention for several individuals. 
C) Single-subject designs can be done with small groups of individuals rather than with a single individual. 
D) Interventions in single-subject designs are often ones that produce dramatic and sizable changes in behavior. 
A) Single-subject designs allow for successive administrations of the same intervention to the same person. 
B) Multiple-baseline designs across subjects can demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention for several individuals. 
C) Single-subject designs can be done with small groups of individuals rather than with a single individual. 
D) Interventions in single-subject designs are often ones that produce dramatic and sizable changes in behavior.

Question 9

Identify a methodological problem specific to the ABAB design and a methodological problem specific to the multiple-baseline designs.

Accepted Answer

A methodological problem specific to the

Question 10

In the multiple-baseline design across individuals,the treatment is administered

Accepted Answer

A) many times to each individual. 
B) successively to one individual at a time. 
C) during the common baseline period for all individuals. 
D) to all individuals in the study at the same time. 
A) many times to each individual. 
B) successively to one individual at a time. 
C) during the common baseline period for all individuals. 
D) to all individuals in the study at the same time.

Question 11

The relationship of the case study method to other research methods of investigation can best be described as

Accepted Answer

A) very similar to experimental approaches. 
B) antagonistic to more controlled methods. 
C) most related to methods used to conduct confirmatory studies. 
D) interrelated with and complementary to other methods. 
A) very similar to experimental approaches. 
B) antagonistic to more controlled methods. 
C) most related to methods used to conduct confirmatory studies. 
D) interrelated with and complementary to other methods.

Question 12

A psychologist develops a behavioral treatment to decrease the frequency of a child's temper tantrums.In order to make a causal interpretation about the effectiveness of the treatment using an ABAB design,the most problematic initial baseline period would show

Accepted Answer

A) an increasing trend in the number of temper tantrums. 
B) a decreasing trend in the number of temper tantrums. 
C) a stable pattern of temper tantrums. 
D) a greater number of temper tantrums in the baseline period compared to the treatment perioD. 
A) an increasing trend in the number of temper tantrums. 
B) a decreasing trend in the number of temper tantrums. 
C) a stable pattern of temper tantrums. 
D) a greater number of temper tantrums in the baseline period compared to the treatment perioD.

Question 13

The first stage of a single-subject experiment is the baseline stage.The baseline stage provides information about

Accepted Answer

A) personality characteristics of the participant. 
B) the effectiveness of the treatment in the experiment. 
C) what behavior would be like if the treatment were not provided. 
D) the likelihood that the participant will be receptive to the treatment. 
A) personality characteristics of the participant. 
B) the effectiveness of the treatment in the experiment. 
C) what behavior would be like if the treatment were not provided. 
D) the likelihood that the participant will be receptive to the treatment.

Question 14

An effective treatment is identified in an ABAB (reversal)design when

Accepted Answer

A) behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in both the first and the second AB stages. 
B) behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in the first AB stage,but not in the second AB stage. 
C) behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in the second AB stage,but not in the first AB stage. 
D) behavior after the intervention is at the same level as the baseline in both the first and second AB stages. 
A) behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in both the first and the second AB stages. 
B) behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in the first AB stage,but not in the second AB stage. 
C) behavior after the intervention is different from the baseline in the second AB stage,but not in the first AB stage. 
D) behavior after the intervention is at the same level as the baseline in both the first and second AB stages.

Question 15

What do each of the multiple baselines in the multiple-baseline design represent?

Accepted Answer

A) individual case studies 
B) replications built into the design 
C) redundant sources of evidence 
D) inevitable sources of confounding 
A) individual case studies 
B) replications built into the design 
C) redundant sources of evidence 
D) inevitable sources of confounding

Question 16

The task confronting clinical psychologists can be described as trying to predict "what any one person will do." Actuarial predictions and group norms can be useful,but the clinician's task also illustrates the need for

Accepted Answer

A) nomothetic research. 
B) spiritual research. 
C) idiographic research. 
D) psychoanalytic research. 
A) nomothetic research. 
B) spiritual research. 
C) idiographic research. 
D) psychoanalytic research.

Question 17

Which of the following is an advantage of the case study method?

Accepted Answer

A) Case studies are a source of definitive evidence in support of theoretical assumptions. 
B) Case studies are a source of ideas and hypotheses about behavior. 
C) Case studies provide little opportunity for clinical innovation. 
D) Case studies complement the idiographic study of behavior. 
A) Case studies are a source of definitive evidence in support of theoretical assumptions. 
B) Case studies are a source of ideas and hypotheses about behavior. 
C) Case studies provide little opportunity for clinical innovation. 
D) Case studies complement the idiographic study of behavior.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relative advantages of single-subject experimental designs as compared to multiple-group designs in clinical research?

Accepted Answer

A) Single-subject designs are especially useful when research is directed toward changing the behavior of large groups of individuals. 
B) Ethical problems arising from withholding a potentially beneficial treatment are less likely to arise in single-subject designs than in multiple-group designs. 
C) Multiple-group designs are more effective when an investigator in clinical research can gain access to only a small number of clients with a particular disorder. 
D) Single-subject designs are effective in identifying what treatments "in general" should be applied to modify behavior,but it is not possible to specify what effect the treatment will have on any specific individual. 
A) Single-subject designs are especially useful when research is directed toward changing the behavior of large groups of individuals. 
B) Ethical problems arising from withholding a potentially beneficial treatment are less likely to arise in single-subject designs than in multiple-group designs. 
C) Multiple-group designs are more effective when an investigator in clinical research can gain access to only a small number of clients with a particular disorder. 
D) Single-subject designs are effective in identifying what treatments "in general" should be applied to modify behavior,but it is not possible to specify what effect the treatment will have on any specific individual.

Question 19

The multiple baselines in multiple-baseline designs are usually established across each of the following dimensions except

Accepted Answer

A) different behaviors for the same individual. 
B) the same behavior for different individuals. 
C) different situations for the same individual. 
D) one behavior for the same individual. 
A) different behaviors for the same individual. 
B) the same behavior for different individuals. 
C) different situations for the same individual. 
D) one behavior for the same individual.

Question 20

Problems in the interpretation of the results of a multiple-baselines design can arise when

Accepted Answer

A) changes in performance appear in the treatment stage simultaneously with an experimental intervention. 
B) changes in performance appear in the treatment stage after an experimental intervention. 
C) changes in performance appear in one of the baselines after an experimental intervention. 
D) changes in performance appear in one of the baselines before an experimental intervention. 
A) changes in performance appear in the treatment stage simultaneously with an experimental intervention. 
B) changes in performance appear in the treatment stage after an experimental intervention. 
C) changes in performance appear in one of the baselines after an experimental intervention. 
D) changes in performance appear in one of the baselines before an experimental intervention.

The application of single-subject experimental designs to socially relevant problems has its origin in

In the nomothetic approach to the study of psychology,researchers generally conduct

A researcher administers a treatment to four children in succession and monitors whether each child's behavior changes with the onset of the treatment.The researcher is using a(n)

Researchers are often unable to control extraneous variables when they use the case study method.This poor degree of control makes it difficult to use the case study method to

Which of the following designs is used when the researcher focuses on the way behavior changes with the systematic introduction and withdrawal of the treatment?

A frequent criticism of single-subject designs is that the external validity of these designs is limited.Which of the following does not refute this criticism?

Identify a methodological problem specific to the ABAB design and a methodological problem specific to the multiple-baseline designs.

In the multiple-baseline design across individuals,the treatment is administered

The relationship of the case study method to other research methods of investigation can best be described as

A psychologist develops a behavioral treatment to decrease the frequency of a child's temper tantrums.In order to make a causal interpretation about the effectiveness of the treatment using an ABAB design,the most problematic initial baseline period would show

The first stage of a single-subject experiment is the baseline stage.The baseline stage provides information about

An effective treatment is identified in an ABAB (reversal)design when

What do each of the multiple baselines in the multiple-baseline design represent?

The task confronting clinical psychologists can be described as trying to predict "what any one person will do." Actuarial predictions and group norms can be useful,but the clinician's task also illustrates the need for

Which of the following is an advantage of the case study method?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relative advantages of single-subject experimental designs as compared to multiple-group designs in clinical research?

The multiple baselines in multiple-baseline designs are usually established across each of the following dimensions except

Problems in the interpretation of the results of a multiple-baselines design can arise when

Introduction

The Scientifi C Method

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Observation

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Complex Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

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Exam 9: Single-Case Designs and Small-N Research

The application of single-subject experimental designs to socially relevant problems has its origin in

In the nomothetic approach to the study of psychology,researchers generally conduct

A researcher administers a treatment to four children in succession and monitors whether each child's behavior changes with the onset of the treatment.The researcher is using a(n)

Researchers are often unable to control extraneous variables when they use the case study method.This poor degree of control makes it difficult to use the case study method to

Which of the following designs is used when the researcher focuses on the way behavior changes with the systematic introduction and withdrawal of the treatment?

A frequent criticism of single-subject designs is that the external validity of these designs is limited.Which of the following does not refute this criticism?

Identify a methodological problem specific to the ABAB design and a methodological problem specific to the multiple-baseline designs.

In the multiple-baseline design across individuals,the treatment is administered

The relationship of the case study method to other research methods of investigation can best be described as

A psychologist develops a behavioral treatment to decrease the frequency of a child's temper tantrums.In order to make a causal interpretation about the effectiveness of the treatment using an ABAB design,the most problematic initial baseline period would show

The first stage of a single-subject experiment is the baseline stage.The baseline stage provides information about

An effective treatment is identified in an ABAB (reversal)design when

What do each of the multiple baselines in the multiple-baseline design represent?

The task confronting clinical psychologists can be described as trying to predict "what any one person will do." Actuarial predictions and group norms can be useful,but the clinician's task also illustrates the need for

Which of the following is an advantage of the case study method?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relative advantages of single-subject experimental designs as compared to multiple-group designs in clinical research?

The multiple baselines in multiple-baseline designs are usually established across each of the following dimensions except

Problems in the interpretation of the results of a multiple-baselines design can arise when

Introduction

The Scientifi C Method

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Observation

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Complex Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters