Exam 8: Complex Designs

A researcher conducts a study to determine if the variable of test anxiety influences performance on the GRE verbal and quantitative tests. He uses a questionnaire to assess individuals' test anxiety and classifies participants as high test anxious (n = 20) or low test anxious (n = 20). He is also interested in knowing whether high or low test-anxious individuals' performance is different for the computerized version of the test compared to the paper-and-pencil version of the test. Within each anxiety group, he randomly assigns participants to either the computer version or the paper version of the GRE tests. Participants then complete both the verbal and quantitative tests of the GRE in the test version they've been assigned (computer or paper). -What is the repeated measures variable? What are the levels?

A complex design always involves

Figure: A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals' GRE test performance.The personality variable he examined was individuals' level of introversion-extraversion.Based on questionnaire responses,each participant was classified as an "extravert" or an "introvert." The researcher manipulated arousal level by giving caffeine to participants prior to administering a practice GRE test.Participants were randomly assigned to a high-caffeine condition,a medium-caffeine condition,or the no-caffeine conditions.All participants then completed a practice version of the quantitative portion of the GRE. Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: -These results would most likely indicate a statistically significant

When each level of one independent variable is combined with each level of a second independent variable,the combination of these two variables is called

Which of the following is one of the reasons for being cautious about saying that an independent variable is an irrelevant independent variable if the variable did not have an effect in a single-factor experiment?

Figure: A researcher examined whether people's responses to injustice depend on whether the offender in a hypothetical scenario is a male or a female,and whether the offender apologized (or not)after the offense.Participants were randomly assigned to the gender of the offender condition (female,male)and apology condition (present,absent). Participants read a hypothetical scenario in which a person (male or female)acted unjustly and the action results in severe harm.Half of the participants read that the offender apologized;the other half read the same scenario except no apology was mentioned.Participants then rated the extent to which they would forgive the offender using a 0 (no forgiveness)to 9 (complete forgiveness)rating scale.The researcher predicted that participants' forgiveness would be greater following an apology compared to the apology-absent condition.The researcher also predicted that the gender of the offender would have no effect on forgiveness. The researcher observed the following means: -Describe what effects might be statistically significant if this researcher computed an analysis of variance.

Figure: A researcher examined whether people's responses to injustice depend on whether the offender in a hypothetical scenario is a male or a female,and whether the offender apologized (or not)after the offense.Participants were randomly assigned to the gender of the offender condition (female,male)and apology condition (present,absent). Participants read a hypothetical scenario in which a person (male or female)acted unjustly and the action results in severe harm.Half of the participants read that the offender apologized;the other half read the same scenario except no apology was mentioned.Participants then rated the extent to which they would forgive the offender using a 0 (no forgiveness)to 9 (complete forgiveness)rating scale.The researcher predicted that participants' forgiveness would be greater following an apology compared to the apology-absent condition.The researcher also predicted that the gender of the offender would have no effect on forgiveness. The researcher observed the following means: -Describe the research design the researcher used,including the type of variables used.

A researcher conducts a study to determine if the variable of test anxiety influences performance on the GRE verbal and quantitative tests. He uses a questionnaire to assess individuals' test anxiety and classifies participants as high test anxious (n = 20) or low test anxious (n = 20). He is also interested in knowing whether high or low test-anxious individuals' performance is different for the computerized version of the test compared to the paper-and-pencil version of the test. Within each anxiety group, he randomly assigns participants to either the computer version or the paper version of the GRE tests. Participants then complete both the verbal and quantitative tests of the GRE in the test version they've been assigned (computer or paper). -Assuming equal numbers of participants in each condition,how many individuals will be in each independent groups condition?

When an independent variable such as task difficulty has been shown to interact with a second independent variable such as age,the generality (i.e. ,ability to generalize the findings)of the effect of the task difficulty variable is

The three potential sources of systematic variation in a complex design experiment involving two independent variables include

The natural groups design is effective for establishing

In a 2 × 2 design with the independent variables,Anxiety Level (Low,High)and Type of Test (Easy,Hard),which of the following would be one of the four conditions created using factorial combination?

The limits of the external validity of the effects of each of the two independent variables in a complex design are specified when

The number of conditions in a complex design described as a 2 × 3 is

In a 2 × 2 complex design,one independent variable was shown not to have a statistically significant main effect on the dependent variable.Based on this,we can state that

Researchers interested in factors that influence people's performance determined that there was an interaction effect of stress level and the difficulty of the task.Performance on easy tasks was relatively better under high stress than under low stress;performance on difficult tasks was relatively better under low stress than under high stress.The researchers further found that the interaction effect of stress and difficulty was more pronounced for men than for women.The combined effect of the stress,difficulty,and gender independent variables represents a

A researcher is interested in studying the effectiveness of two different learning strategies (A and B), and whether the effects of the learning strategies differ for easy material compared to difficult material. The researcher has 80 participants available. The dependent variable is percentage correct on tests of the material. The researcher hypothesizes that (1) participants will always have higher test scores for easy compared to difficult material, and (2) learning strategy B will be better than learning strategy A for difficult material, but the strategies will produce little difference in test results for easy material. -Identify the conditions of a complex design experiment that would be used to examine these variables (i.e. ,factorial combination).

Figure: A researcher examined whether interrogators who expect a suspect to be guilty,rather than innocent,use more persuasive interrogation techniques.The researcher created a laboratory situation in which students (the "suspects")were randomly assigned to actually commit a crime or not commit a crime by following a set of instructions given to them.Student interrogators then interviewed a suspect;they were randomly assigned to conditions that led them to believe the suspect was guilty or innocent of the crime.Observers rated the effort used by interrogators to obtain a confession using a 1-10 rating scale (higher scores indicate greater effort). Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: -Ratings of effort used to obtain a confession are a

Figure: A researcher examined whether people's responses to injustice depend on whether the offender in a hypothetical scenario is a male or a female,and whether the offender apologized (or not)after the offense.Participants were randomly assigned to the gender of the offender condition (female,male)and apology condition (present,absent). Participants read a hypothetical scenario in which a person (male or female)acted unjustly and the action results in severe harm.Half of the participants read that the offender apologized;the other half read the same scenario except no apology was mentioned.Participants then rated the extent to which they would forgive the offender using a 0 (no forgiveness)to 9 (complete forgiveness)rating scale.The researcher predicted that participants' forgiveness would be greater following an apology compared to the apology-absent condition.The researcher also predicted that the gender of the offender would have no effect on forgiveness. The researcher observed the following means: -Did the results support the researcher's predictions? Explain why or why not.

An experiment that is described as a 3 ×3× 2 is one that has