Exam 8: Complex Designs

Figure: A researcher examined whether people's responses to injustice depend on whether the offender in a hypothetical scenario is a male or a female,and whether the offender apologized (or not)after the offense.Participants were randomly assigned to the gender of the offender condition (female,male)and apology condition (present,absent). Participants read a hypothetical scenario in which a person (male or female)acted unjustly and the action results in severe harm.Half of the participants read that the offender apologized;the other half read the same scenario except no apology was mentioned.Participants then rated the extent to which they would forgive the offender using a 0 (no forgiveness)to 9 (complete forgiveness)rating scale.The researcher predicted that participants' forgiveness would be greater following an apology compared to the apology-absent condition.The researcher also predicted that the gender of the offender would have no effect on forgiveness. The researcher observed the following means: -What are the means for the main effect of the Offender Gender variable? [Be sure to specify which mean belongs with each condition.]

Figure: A researcher examined whether people's responses to injustice depend on whether the offender in a hypothetical scenario is a male or a female,and whether the offender apologized (or not)after the offense.Participants were randomly assigned to the gender of the offender condition (female,male)and apology condition (present,absent). Participants read a hypothetical scenario in which a person (male or female)acted unjustly and the action results in severe harm.Half of the participants read that the offender apologized;the other half read the same scenario except no apology was mentioned.Participants then rated the extent to which they would forgive the offender using a 0 (no forgiveness)to 9 (complete forgiveness)rating scale.The researcher predicted that participants' forgiveness would be greater following an apology compared to the apology-absent condition.The researcher also predicted that the gender of the offender would have no effect on forgiveness. The researcher observed the following means: -What are the means for the main effect of the Apology variable? [Be sure to specify which mean belongs with each condition.]

Figure: A researcher examined whether interrogators who expect a suspect to be guilty,rather than innocent,use more persuasive interrogation techniques.The researcher created a laboratory situation in which students (the "suspects")were randomly assigned to actually commit a crime or not commit a crime by following a set of instructions given to them.Student interrogators then interviewed a suspect;they were randomly assigned to conditions that led them to believe the suspect was guilty or innocent of the crime.Observers rated the effort used by interrogators to obtain a confession using a 1-10 rating scale (higher scores indicate greater effort). Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: -The means used to describe the main effect of Interrogator Expectation are

A researcher is interested in studying the effectiveness of two different learning strategies (A and B), and whether the effects of the learning strategies differ for easy material compared to difficult material. The researcher has 80 participants available. The dependent variable is percentage correct on tests of the material. The researcher hypothesizes that (1) participants will always have higher test scores for easy compared to difficult material, and (2) learning strategy B will be better than learning strategy A for difficult material, but the strategies will produce little difference in test results for easy material. -How many participants would be needed in each condition if both variables were manipulated using random groups designs?

Distinguish between a main effect and an interaction effect in a complex design.

Figure: Use this graph to answer the questions that follow: -Describe the factorial design in this experiment (e.g. ,3 × 4).

Briefly describe the analyses that are done to interpret the results of complex designs when an interaction effect is present and when an interaction effect is not present.

Figure: A researcher examined whether interrogators who expect a suspect to be guilty,rather than innocent,use more persuasive interrogation techniques.The researcher created a laboratory situation in which students (the "suspects")were randomly assigned to actually commit a crime or not commit a crime by following a set of instructions given to them.Student interrogators then interviewed a suspect;they were randomly assigned to conditions that led them to believe the suspect was guilty or innocent of the crime.Observers rated the effort used by interrogators to obtain a confession using a 1-10 rating scale (higher scores indicate greater effort). Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: -The means used to describe the main effect of Suspect Status are

A researcher did an experiment testing the effects of noise on students' ability to study effectively in different environments.There were three levels of background noise and two different environments so the design was a 3 × 2.The researcher obtained an interaction effect and decided to try to identify the source of the interaction effect by testing the effects of the noise variable separately at each level of the environment variable.Which of the following types of effects in the analysis of a complex design was the researcher testing?

Which of the following statements best describes the effects that occurred in the 2 × 2 design outlined in the following table? The dependent variable is memory for the tasks (out of a possible ten),and you may assume that any nonzero difference is statistically significant.

Figure: A researcher examined whether interrogators who expect a suspect to be guilty,rather than innocent,use more persuasive interrogation techniques.The researcher created a laboratory situation in which students (the "suspects")were randomly assigned to actually commit a crime or not commit a crime by following a set of instructions given to them.Student interrogators then interviewed a suspect;they were randomly assigned to conditions that led them to believe the suspect was guilty or innocent of the crime.Observers rated the effort used by interrogators to obtain a confession using a 1-10 rating scale (higher scores indicate greater effort). Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: -The design on this experiment would be described as a

When no interaction effect occurs in a complex design with two independent variables,we know the effects of each independent variable can be generalized

Figure: A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals' GRE test performance.The personality variable he examined was individuals' level of introversion-extraversion.Based on questionnaire responses,each participant was classified as an "extravert" or an "introvert." The researcher manipulated arousal level by giving caffeine to participants prior to administering a practice GRE test.Participants were randomly assigned to a high-caffeine condition,a medium-caffeine condition,or the no-caffeine conditions.All participants then completed a practice version of the quantitative portion of the GRE. Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: -The means for the main effect of arousal level are

Figure: Use this graph to answer the questions that follow: -What are the means for the main effect of Task Complexity? [Be sure to specify which mean belongs with each condition.]

In a complex factorial design described as a 2 × 4 there are

Figure: A researcher examined whether interrogators who expect a suspect to be guilty,rather than innocent,use more persuasive interrogation techniques.The researcher created a laboratory situation in which students (the "suspects")were randomly assigned to actually commit a crime or not commit a crime by following a set of instructions given to them.Student interrogators then interviewed a suspect;they were randomly assigned to conditions that led them to believe the suspect was guilty or innocent of the crime.Observers rated the effort used by interrogators to obtain a confession using a 1-10 rating scale (higher scores indicate greater effort). Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: -Whether student interrogators believed their suspect to be innocent or guilty is a

A researcher conducts a study to determine if the variable of test anxiety influences performance on the GRE verbal and quantitative tests. He uses a questionnaire to assess individuals' test anxiety and classifies participants as high test anxious (n = 20) or low test anxious (n = 20). He is also interested in knowing whether high or low test-anxious individuals' performance is different for the computerized version of the test compared to the paper-and-pencil version of the test. Within each anxiety group, he randomly assigns participants to either the computer version or the paper version of the GRE tests. Participants then complete both the verbal and quantitative tests of the GRE in the test version they've been assigned (computer or paper). -What is the natural groups variable in this study? What are the levels?

Figure: A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals' GRE test performance.The personality variable he examined was individuals' level of introversion-extraversion.Based on questionnaire responses,each participant was classified as an "extravert" or an "introvert." The researcher manipulated arousal level by giving caffeine to participants prior to administering a practice GRE test.Participants were randomly assigned to a high-caffeine condition,a medium-caffeine condition,or the no-caffeine conditions.All participants then completed a practice version of the quantitative portion of the GRE. Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group: -The design of this experiment would be described as a

A researcher is interested in studying the effectiveness of two different learning strategies (A and B), and whether the effects of the learning strategies differ for easy material compared to difficult material. The researcher has 80 participants available. The dependent variable is percentage correct on tests of the material. The researcher hypothesizes that (1) participants will always have higher test scores for easy compared to difficult material, and (2) learning strategy B will be better than learning strategy A for difficult material, but the strategies will produce little difference in test results for easy material. -Draw a graph that displays mean results consistent with the researcher's hypothesis.

Figure: Use this graph to answer the questions that follow: -What are the means for the main effect of the Age variable? [Be sure to specify which mean belongs with each condition.]