Question 1

The interpretation of main effects obtained in a complex design is critically dependent on whether

Accepted Answer

A) only one main effect occurs in the experiment. 
B) more than one main effect occurs in the experiment. 
C) an interaction effect is present in the experiment. 
D) an interaction effect is not present in the experiment. 
A) only one main effect occurs in the experiment. 
B) more than one main effect occurs in the experiment. 
C) an interaction effect is present in the experiment. 
D) an interaction effect is not present in the experiment.

Question 2

A student is trying to determine whether an interaction effect is present in an experiment with a 2 × 2 design.The data are summarized in a table.Which of the following methods should the student use to determine whether or not an interaction effect is present?

Accepted Answer

A) addition method 
B) subtraction method 
C) multiplication method 
D) division method 
A) addition method 
B) subtraction method 
C) multiplication method 
D) division method

Question 3

A potential solution to the problem of drawing causal inferences based on the natural groups design is to use a complex design involving a natural groups design for an individual differences variable along with a manipulated independent variable.An important key to this potential solution is to

Accepted Answer

A) obtain a main effect of the individual differences variable but not of the manipulated independent variable 
B) obtain a main effect of the manipulated independent variable but not of the individual differences variable. 
C) obtain main effects of both the individual differences variable and the manipulated independent variable. 
D) obtain an interaction effect of the individual differences variable and the manipulated independent variable. 
A) obtain a main effect of the individual differences variable but not of the manipulated independent variable 
B) obtain a main effect of the manipulated independent variable but not of the individual differences variable. 
C) obtain main effects of both the individual differences variable and the manipulated independent variable. 
D) obtain an interaction effect of the individual differences variable and the manipulated independent variable.

Question 4

Figure:
A researcher examined whether interrogators who expect a suspect to be guilty,rather than innocent,use more persuasive interrogation techniques.The researcher created a laboratory situation in which students (the "suspects")were randomly assigned to actually commit a crime or not commit a crime by following a set of instructions given to them.Student interrogators then interviewed a suspect;they were randomly assigned to conditions that led them to believe the suspect was guilty or innocent of the crime.Observers rated the effort used by interrogators to obtain a confession using a 1-10 rating scale (higher scores indicate greater effort).
Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group:  
-Whether students were actually guilty or actually innocent of the crime in this experiment is a

Accepted Answer

A) dependent variable. 
B) natural groups independent variable. 
C) complex variable. 
D) random groups independent variable. 
A) dependent variable. 
B) natural groups independent variable. 
C) complex variable. 
D) random groups independent variable.

Question 5

A researcher conducts a study to determine if the variable of test anxiety influences performance on the GRE verbal and quantitative tests. He uses a questionnaire to assess individuals' test anxiety and classifies participants as high test anxious (n = 20) or low test anxious (n = 20). He is also interested in knowing whether high or low test-anxious individuals' performance is different for the computerized version of the test compared to the paper-and-pencil version of the test. Within each anxiety group, he randomly assigns participants to either the computer version or the paper version of the GRE tests. Participants then complete both the verbal and quantitative tests of the GRE in the test version they've been assigned (computer or paper).
-What kind of complex design is this (e.g. ,2 × 2)?

Accepted Answer

This is a 2 × 2 × 2

Question 6

Which of the following represents the general measurement problem that occurs when performance reaches a maximum in any condition of an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) effect size 
B) ceiling effect 
C) mediating effect 
D) floor effect 
A) effect size 
B) ceiling effect 
C) mediating effect 
D) floor effect

Question 7

A student has done an experiment involving a 4 × 2 design.The students' initial analysis of variance indicates that there was no statistically significant interaction effect in the experiment.The independent variable with four levels,however,did produce a statistically significant main effect.Which of the following analyses should the student do next to specify the source of this main effect more precisely?

Accepted Answer

A) eta-squared analyses 
B) simple main effects 
C) comparisons of two means 
D) simple interaction effects 
A) eta-squared analyses 
B) simple main effects 
C) comparisons of two means 
D) simple interaction effects

Question 8

Figure:
A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals' GRE test performance.The personality variable he examined was individuals' level of introversion-extraversion.Based on questionnaire responses,each participant was classified as an "extravert" or an "introvert." The researcher manipulated arousal level by giving caffeine to participants prior to administering a practice GRE test.Participants were randomly assigned to a high-caffeine condition,a medium-caffeine condition,or the no-caffeine conditions.All participants then completed a practice version of the quantitative portion of the GRE.
Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group:  
-The random groups independent variable in this experiment is

Accepted Answer

A) scores on the quantitative portion of the GRE test. 
B) participants who volunteered to participate in the experiment. 
C) level of arousal: high-caffeine,medium-caffeine,or no-caffeine. 
D) participants' personality: introversion or extraversion. 
A) scores on the quantitative portion of the GRE test. 
B) participants who volunteered to participate in the experiment. 
C) level of arousal: high-caffeine,medium-caffeine,or no-caffeine. 
D) participants' personality: introversion or extraversion.

Question 9

Figure:
A researcher examined whether interrogators who expect a suspect to be guilty,rather than innocent,use more persuasive interrogation techniques.The researcher created a laboratory situation in which students (the "suspects")were randomly assigned to actually commit a crime or not commit a crime by following a set of instructions given to them.Student interrogators then interviewed a suspect;they were randomly assigned to conditions that led them to believe the suspect was guilty or innocent of the crime.Observers rated the effort used by interrogators to obtain a confession using a 1-10 rating scale (higher scores indicate greater effort).
Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group:  
-Based on these findings we can conclude that

Accepted Answer

A) interrogators apply the same effort during an interview,regardless of who the suspect is. 
B) interrogator expectations cause people to be suspects. 
C) suspect status and interrogator expectations are relevant variables. 
D) all of these 
A) interrogators apply the same effort during an interview,regardless of who the suspect is. 
B) interrogator expectations cause people to be suspects. 
C) suspect status and interrogator expectations are relevant variables. 
D) all of these

Question 10

Which of the following effects occurs in a complex design when the effect of one independent variable differs depending on the level of a second independent variable?

Accepted Answer

A) main effect 
B) interaction effect 
C) combined effect 
D) factorial effect 
A) main effect 
B) interaction effect 
C) combined effect 
D) factorial effect

Question 11

Figure:
A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals' GRE test performance.The personality variable he examined was individuals' level of introversion-extraversion.Based on questionnaire responses,each participant was classified as an "extravert" or an "introvert." The researcher manipulated arousal level by giving caffeine to participants prior to administering a practice GRE test.Participants were randomly assigned to a high-caffeine condition,a medium-caffeine condition,or the no-caffeine conditions.All participants then completed a practice version of the quantitative portion of the GRE.
Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group:  
-The means for the main effect of personality are

Accepted Answer

A) 500 and 700. 
B) 600,600,and 600. 
C) 600 and 600. 
D) The means cannot be determined in this design. 
A) 500 and 700. 
B) 600,600,and 600. 
C) 600 and 600. 
D) The means cannot be determined in this design.

Question 12

An experiment was done in which college students and elderly people were tested on three different cognitive tasks (spatial ability,memory,and vocabulary).Thus,there were six conditions in the experiment.Which of the following best describes the overall design of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) complex design 
B) multivariable design 
C) cross-sectional survey design 
D) naturalistic observation 
A) complex design 
B) multivariable design 
C) cross-sectional survey design 
D) naturalistic observation

Question 13

The overall analysis of variance of a complex design indicates that there is no interaction effect.Which of the following analyses should be done as the next step in analyzing this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) main effects 
B) simple main effects 
C) comparisons of two means 
D) simple interaction effects 
A) main effects 
B) simple main effects 
C) comparisons of two means 
D) simple interaction effects

Question 14

Figure:
A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals' GRE test performance.The personality variable he examined was individuals' level of introversion-extraversion.Based on questionnaire responses,each participant was classified as an "extravert" or an "introvert." The researcher manipulated arousal level by giving caffeine to participants prior to administering a practice GRE test.Participants were randomly assigned to a high-caffeine condition,a medium-caffeine condition,or the no-caffeine conditions.All participants then completed a practice version of the quantitative portion of the GRE.
Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group:  
-The dependent variable in this experiment is

Accepted Answer

A) participants' level of arousal. 
B) participants' personality: introversion or extraversion. 
C) whether people agreed to participate in the experiment. 
D) scores on the quantitative portion of the GRE test. 
A) participants' level of arousal. 
B) participants' personality: introversion or extraversion. 
C) whether people agreed to participate in the experiment. 
D) scores on the quantitative portion of the GRE test.

Question 15

Figure:
A researcher was interested in the effects of arousal and personality on individuals' GRE test performance.The personality variable he examined was individuals' level of introversion-extraversion.Based on questionnaire responses,each participant was classified as an "extravert" or an "introvert." The researcher manipulated arousal level by giving caffeine to participants prior to administering a practice GRE test.Participants were randomly assigned to a high-caffeine condition,a medium-caffeine condition,or the no-caffeine conditions.All participants then completed a practice version of the quantitative portion of the GRE.
Suppose the researcher observed the following means for each group:  
-Based on these findings,the researcher can

Accepted Answer

A) predict individuals' quantitative GRE score if he knows whether they are introverted or extraverted. 
B) claim that individuals' level of introversion or extraversion causes different performance on the GRE. 
C) neither (
A) nor (
B)  
D) both (
A) and (
B)  
A) predict individuals' quantitative GRE score if he knows whether they are introverted or extraverted. 
B) claim that individuals' level of introversion or extraversion causes different performance on the GRE. 
C) neither (
A) nor (
B)  
D) both (
A) and (
B)

Question 16

When a line graph is used to depict the results of a complex design,an interaction effect is indicated by

Accepted Answer

A) parallel lines. 
B) nonparallel lines. 
C) lines that change direction only once. 
D) lines that change direction more than once. 
A) parallel lines. 
B) nonparallel lines. 
C) lines that change direction only once. 
D) lines that change direction more than once.

Question 17

An interaction effect is likely to be uninterpretable when this problem in measurement occurs:

Accepted Answer

A) ceiling or floor effect. 
B) simple main effect. 
C) nonparallel lines. 
D) highly reliable measurement of the dependent variable. 
A) ceiling or floor effect. 
B) simple main effect. 
C) nonparallel lines. 
D) highly reliable measurement of the dependent variable.

Question 18

Figure:
Use this graph to answer the questions that follow:  
-In order to explain the interaction effect present in these data,describe two simple main effects.

Accepted Answer

One way to explain the interaction effec

Question 19

Interaction effects can play a special role in the natural groups design to help break the confoundings inherent in individual difference (subject)variables.Describe this role of interaction effects using the study comparing memory of musicians and nonmusicians described in the text.

Accepted Answer

If an interaction effect can be produced

Question 20

Researchers most often interpret the findings of a complex design by

Accepted Answer

A) computing an analysis of variance. 
B) examining the means for each condition. 
C) conducting simple main effects analyses when an interaction effect is present. 
D) all of these 
A) computing an analysis of variance. 
B) examining the means for each condition. 
C) conducting simple main effects analyses when an interaction effect is present. 
D) all of these

The interpretation of main effects obtained in a complex design is critically dependent on whether

A student is trying to determine whether an interaction effect is present in an experiment with a 2 × 2 design.The data are summarized in a table.Which of the following methods should the student use to determine whether or not an interaction effect is present?

A potential solution to the problem of drawing causal inferences based on the natural groups design is to use a complex design involving a natural groups design for an individual differences variable along with a manipulated independent variable.An important key to this potential solution is to

Which of the following represents the general measurement problem that occurs when performance reaches a maximum in any condition of an experiment?

Which of the following effects occurs in a complex design when the effect of one independent variable differs depending on the level of a second independent variable?

An experiment was done in which college students and elderly people were tested on three different cognitive tasks (spatial ability,memory,and vocabulary).Thus,there were six conditions in the experiment.Which of the following best describes the overall design of the experiment?

The overall analysis of variance of a complex design indicates that there is no interaction effect.Which of the following analyses should be done as the next step in analyzing this experiment?

When a line graph is used to depict the results of a complex design,an interaction effect is indicated by

An interaction effect is likely to be uninterpretable when this problem in measurement occurs:

Figure: Use this graph to answer the questions that follow: -In order to explain the interaction effect present in these data,describe two simple main effects.

Interaction effects can play a special role in the natural groups design to help break the confoundings inherent in individual difference (subject)variables.Describe this role of interaction effects using the study comparing memory of musicians and nonmusicians described in the text.

Researchers most often interpret the findings of a complex design by

Introduction

The Scientifi C Method

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Observation

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Single-Case Designs and Small-N Research

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters

Exam 8: Complex Designs

The interpretation of main effects obtained in a complex design is critically dependent on whether

A student is trying to determine whether an interaction effect is present in an experiment with a 2 × 2 design.The data are summarized in a table.Which of the following methods should the student use to determine whether or not an interaction effect is present?

A potential solution to the problem of drawing causal inferences based on the natural groups design is to use a complex design involving a natural groups design for an individual differences variable along with a manipulated independent variable.An important key to this potential solution is to

Which of the following represents the general measurement problem that occurs when performance reaches a maximum in any condition of an experiment?

Which of the following effects occurs in a complex design when the effect of one independent variable differs depending on the level of a second independent variable?

An experiment was done in which college students and elderly people were tested on three different cognitive tasks (spatial ability,memory,and vocabulary).Thus,there were six conditions in the experiment.Which of the following best describes the overall design of the experiment?

The overall analysis of variance of a complex design indicates that there is no interaction effect.Which of the following analyses should be done as the next step in analyzing this experiment?

When a line graph is used to depict the results of a complex design,an interaction effect is indicated by

An interaction effect is likely to be uninterpretable when this problem in measurement occurs:

Figure: Use this graph to answer the questions that follow: -In order to explain the interaction effect present in these data,describe two simple main effects.

Interaction effects can play a special role in the natural groups design to help break the confoundings inherent in individual difference (subject)variables.Describe this role of interaction effects using the study comparing memory of musicians and nonmusicians described in the text.

Researchers most often interpret the findings of a complex design by

Introduction

The Scientifi C Method

Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research

Observation

Survey Research

Independent Groups Designs

Repeated Measures Designs

Single-Case Designs and Small-N Research

Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story

Communication in Psychology

Filters