Exam 36: Physiology and Disorders of Water,Electrolyte,and Acid-Base Metabolism

A person suspected of having chloride responsive metabolic alkalosis caused by prolonged vomiting would exhibit which one of the following?

Which one of the following hormones is an active regulator of water retention/reabsorption in the kidney?

An overweight 55-year-old single woman from a rural farming area was brought to the emergency department by her neighbor.The woman had a large abscess on the bottom of her foot; she was irritable and complained of blurred vision and of being thirsty.Her breathing was rapid.The neighbor said that the only medication the woman was using was for blood pressure and sometimes an aspirin.Blood and urine samples were collected.Arterial blood gas results were: pH 7.2; PCO₂ 47 mm Hg; HCO₃ 8 mmol/L.Blood glucose was 340 mg/dL and a high anion gap was calculated.Urine glucose and ketones were markedly increased.Based on the laboratory values,what state of acid-base balance is this patient in?

How do healthy lungs compensate for the decrease in pH in a state of metabolic acidosis?

What is the anion gap given the following serum electrolyte data: Na = 132 mmol/L,Cl^- = 90 mmol/L,HCO₃^- = 22 mmol/L,K = 4 mmol/L?

The most important buffer of plasma is the _____ system.

Metabolic organic acidoses typically present with an increased anion gap.In contrast to these,inorganic acidosis with a normal anion gap is typically caused by:

Which one of the following hormones is an active regulator of sodium (and passive controller of water)in the kidney?

How do healthy kidneys compensate for the excess hydrogen ions and concurrent low pH observed in metabolic acidosis?

MATCHING Match the action of acid-base balance regulation with the correct component of acid-base balance. -Can alter blood pH

An individual visits a physician with the complaint of nausea,mental confusion,and needing an excessive amount of salt all the time.Laboratory results indicate decreased serum sodium and low serum osmolality.Physical examination reveals hypovolemia with low orthostatic blood pressure and tachycardia.A urine sodium analysis was suggested by a laboratorian and urine sodium was found to be increased; the physician diagnoses a salt-losing nephropathy (a renal tubule disease).What type of electrolyte disorder is this?

Hypokalemia (<3.0 mmol/L)is considered a serious health threat because:

A 17-year-old woman was brought by her friends to the emergency room in an agitated state.She stated that she had broken up with her boyfriend and he had threatened her.Her temperature was 101° F,and she was breathing rapidly.She claimed that she could not slow her breathing down despite attempts to have her breathe deeply.An arterial blood gas revealed a pH of 7.54,HCO₃ of 18 mmol/L,and PCO₂ of 28 mm Hg.What is occurring in this patient?

Hypernatremia commonly occurs with:

An individual is brought to the emergency department of a local hospital with signs of narcotic overdose and respiratory depression.What acid-base status would this individual have?

Hypokalemia may be seen in all of the following except:

Determine the anion gap given the following serum electrolyte data: Na = 132 mmol/L,Cl^- = 90 mmol/L,HCO₃^- = 22 mmol/L,K = 4 mmol/L.Is the anion gap you calculated within the healthy reference interval?

Physiologically important buffers maintaining body pH include all of the following except:

At physiological pH of 7.4,which one of the following contributes most to the total serum CO₂ (think about the equilibrium of the reaction in the formula)?

An overweight 55-year-old single woman from a rural farming area was brought to the emergency department by her neighbor.The woman had a large abscess on the bottom of her foot; she was irritable and complained of blurred vision and of being thirsty.Her breathing was rapid.The neighbor said that the only medication the woman was using was for blood pressure and sometimes an aspirin.Blood and urine samples were collected.Arterial blood gas results were: pH 7.2; PCO₂ 47 mm Hg; HCO₃ 8 mmol/L.Blood glucose was 340 mg/dL and a high anion gap was calculated.Urine glucose and ketones were markedly increased.Based on the laboratory values and symptoms of the woman,what is the most likely cause of her acid-base disorder?