Question 1

Which of the following statements is(are) TRUE regarding reducing threats to marine ecosystems?

Accepted Answer

A)  Evidence shows that MPAs do not improve marine ecosystems, as it is impossible to keep community connections intact and because ocean ecosystems are generally not resilient. 
B)  A transition to energy sources not based on fossil fuels will reduce the amount of anthropogenic CO₂ released and slow ocean acidification and warming. 
C)  Given that sea levels are likely rising, it is less critical to reduce nutrient (fertilizer or sewage) or toxic pollution, as the larger volume of water will dilute the pollutants. 
D)  Overfishing is not the problem, but rather the problem lies in the fishing techniques. So, we can continue to fish at current levels and still improve ocean ecosystems if we just change how we fish. 
E)  All of these statements are true regarding reducing threats to marine ecosystems. 
A)  Evidence shows that MPAs do not improve marine ecosystems, as it is impossible to keep community connections intact and because ocean ecosystems are generally not resilient. 
B)  A transition to energy sources not based on fossil fuels will reduce the amount of anthropogenic CO₂ released and slow ocean acidification and warming. 
C)  Given that sea levels are likely rising, it is less critical to reduce nutrient (fertilizer or sewage) or toxic pollution, as the larger volume of water will dilute the pollutants. 
D)  Overfishing is not the problem, but rather the problem lies in the fishing techniques. So, we can continue to fish at current levels and still improve ocean ecosystems if we just change how we fish. 
E)  All of these statements are true regarding reducing threats to marine ecosystems. B

Question 2

By some estimates, 30% of all the CO₂ released by humans in the last two centuries has been absorbed by the world's oceans. As ocean temperature increases, carbon dioxide becomes less soluble (dissolvable) in water. As a result, more CO₂ will stay in the atmosphere where it acts as a greenhouse gas to trap heat and warm the oceans. This is an example of a _______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative feedback cycle 
B)  neutral feedback cycle 
C)  interspecific interaction 
D)  bioremediation 
E)  positive feedback cycle 
A)  negative feedback cycle 
B)  neutral feedback cycle 
C)  interspecific interaction 
D)  bioremediation 
E)  positive feedback cycle E

Question 3

Which strategy is INCORRECTLY matched with its effect on ocean ecosystems?

Accepted Answer

A)  prohibiting bottom-trawling in vulnerable areas - reduces exposure to land-based pollution 
B)  reducing the use of fossil fuel - reduces the amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide released and slow ocean acidification 
C)  reducing pollution - reduces infections and keeps coral healthy 
D)  designating MPAs - protects ocean communities to help them recover from environmental damages 
E)  prohibiting bottom-trawling in vulnerable areas - protects reefs from destructive practices 
A)  prohibiting bottom-trawling in vulnerable areas - reduces exposure to land-based pollution 
B)  reducing the use of fossil fuel - reduces the amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide released and slow ocean acidification 
C)  reducing pollution - reduces infections and keeps coral healthy 
D)  designating MPAs - protects ocean communities to help them recover from environmental damages 
E)  prohibiting bottom-trawling in vulnerable areas - protects reefs from destructive practices A

Question 4

You would expect to find barnacles, starfish, and mussels in which of the ocean zones listed below?

Accepted Answer

A)  abyssal 
B)  hadal 
C)  bathypelagic 
D)  intertidal 
E)  all of these answers 
A)  abyssal 
B)  hadal 
C)  bathypelagic 
D)  intertidal 
E)  all of these answers

Question 5

If amounts of sunlight and depth are equal, an ocean ecosystem that is further from the mainland will have a higher level of biodiversity than an ecosystem closer to the mainland.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

NOAA estimates that ______ of coral reefs worldwide are threatened by either human activity or environmental changes.

Accepted Answer

A)  10% 
B)  25% 
C)  50% 
D)  75% 
E)  90% 
A)  10% 
B)  25% 
C)  50% 
D)  75% 
E)  90%

Question 7

Marc Slattery conducted several experiments using both natural and simulated coral reefs. When reef species (sponges) were subjected to higher temperatures and lower pH, most likely the conditions that will exist in the future ocean environment, they found that the reef species had slower growth rates and reduced reproduction. What was the cause of these results?

Accepted Answer

A)  The higher temperature directly affected the growth rate of the sponge. 
B)  The higher temperature and lower pH reduced the sponges' symbiotic partner's ability to conduct photosynthesis. 
C)  The lower pH prevented the sponge prodigy from attaching to a solid surface. 
D)  The higher temperature and lower pH interfered with the sponges' reproductive cycle. 
E)  The higher temperature and lower pH increased the sponge's symbiotic partner's ability to photosynthesize, and it was therefore able to survive on its own. 
A)  The higher temperature directly affected the growth rate of the sponge. 
B)  The higher temperature and lower pH reduced the sponges' symbiotic partner's ability to conduct photosynthesis. 
C)  The lower pH prevented the sponge prodigy from attaching to a solid surface. 
D)  The higher temperature and lower pH interfered with the sponges' reproductive cycle. 
E)  The higher temperature and lower pH increased the sponge's symbiotic partner's ability to photosynthesize, and it was therefore able to survive on its own.

Question 8

nfographic 29.1.
 
-Refer to Infographic 29.1. Carbon dioxide emissions have reduced the ocean's pH by about 0.1. Why is this acidification of the ocean a problem?

Accepted Answer

Normal seawater has an average pH of 8.2

Question 9

Table 29.1.
 
-Refer to Table 29.1. Describe ways that you can reduce the threats to ocean ecosystems through your personal actions.

Accepted Answer

To help reduce carbon dioxide levels in

Question 10

The majority of coral reefs that have been destroyed are found near less-developed countries. What are some of the reasons why these coral reefs have been more damaged compared with reefs found near countries that are more developed?

Accepted Answer

The major threats facing coral reefs tod

Question 11

Fishing pressures (overexploitation) have eliminated ______ of top trophic-level predators in the oceans.

Accepted Answer

A)  15% 
B)  30% 
C)  55% 
D)  75% 
E)  90% 
A)  15% 
B)  30% 
C)  55% 
D)  75% 
E)  90%

Question 12

What are invasive species? Discuss the possible causes and the ecological impact of this threat to ocean ecosystems using the lionfish as an example.

Accepted Answer

Invasive species are non-native species

Question 13

What benefit do zooxanthellae get from their mutualistic relationship with corals?

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygen 
B)  sugars from photosynthesis 
C)  color 
D)  carbon dioxide 
E)  lower pH 
A)  oxygen 
B)  sugars from photosynthesis 
C)  color 
D)  carbon dioxide 
E)  lower pH

Question 14

The ocean is so vast it is hard to imagine that human activities could harm it. However, the evidence of human impact is unmistakable. Discuss the nature of marine ecosystem destruction from pollution and overfishing.

Accepted Answer

Human activities harm marine ecosystems

Question 15

What benefit do corals get from their mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae?

Accepted Answer

A)  give coral their color 
B)  provide coral with food via sugars they make during photosynthesis 
C)  provide coral with a place to attach to the ocean floor 
D)  A, B, and C 
E)  only A and B 
A)  give coral their color 
B)  provide coral with food via sugars they make during photosynthesis 
C)  provide coral with a place to attach to the ocean floor 
D)  A, B, and C 
E)  only A and B

Question 16

The skeleton of coral is mostly composed of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  nitrogen 
B)  aluminum 
C)  calcium carbonate 
D)  silicon 
E)  iron 
A)  nitrogen 
B)  aluminum 
C)  calcium carbonate 
D)  silicon 
E)  iron

Question 17

Infographic 29.4.
 
-Refer to the graph in Infographic 29.4. The graph shows the level of each of the four major threats that coral reefs currently face. Which are the correct labels for the graph?

Accepted Answer

A)  a = overfishing; b = marine-based pollution; c = coastal development; d = inland pollution 
B)  a = inland pollution; b = marine-based pollution; c = overfishing; d = coastal development 
C)  a = coastal development; b = inland pollution; c = marine-based pollution; d = overfishing 
D)  a = overfishing; b = coastal development; c = inland population; d = marine-based pollution 
E)  a = marine-based pollution; b = coastal development; c = inland pollution; d = overfishing 
A)  a = overfishing; b = marine-based pollution; c = coastal development; d = inland pollution 
B)  a = inland pollution; b = marine-based pollution; c = overfishing; d = coastal development 
C)  a = coastal development; b = inland pollution; c = marine-based pollution; d = overfishing 
D)  a = overfishing; b = coastal development; c = inland population; d = marine-based pollution 
E)  a = marine-based pollution; b = coastal development; c = inland pollution; d = overfishing

Question 18

It is estimated that ______ of all ocean species spend some portion of their life in a coral reef.

Accepted Answer

A)  10% 
B)  25% 
C)  50% 
D)  75% 
E)  90% 
A)  10% 
B)  25% 
C)  50% 
D)  75% 
E)  90%

Question 19

Where does the majority of ocean pollution come from?

Accepted Answer

A)  offshore mining and oil drilling activities 
B)  human activities on land that runoff into ocean ecosystems 
C)  accidental oil spills from oil tankers transporting crude oil 
D)  deliberate dumping of litter in the ocean by cruise ships 
E)  atmospheric contaminants that enter the ocean via precipitation 
A)  offshore mining and oil drilling activities 
B)  human activities on land that runoff into ocean ecosystems 
C)  accidental oil spills from oil tankers transporting crude oil 
D)  deliberate dumping of litter in the ocean by cruise ships 
E)  atmospheric contaminants that enter the ocean via precipitation

Question 20

Nutrient-rich areas where shallow rivers meet the ocean are known as ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  intertidal zones 
B)  estuaries 
C)  coral reefs 
D)  abyssal zones 
E)  open ocean 
A)  intertidal zones 
B)  estuaries 
C)  coral reefs 
D)  abyssal zones 
E)  open ocean

Exam 29: Mineral Resources and Mining

Which of the following statements is(are) TRUE regarding reducing threats to marine ecosystems?

Which strategy is INCORRECTLY matched with its effect on ocean ecosystems?

You would expect to find barnacles, starfish, and mussels in which of the ocean zones listed below?

If amounts of sunlight and depth are equal, an ocean ecosystem that is further from the mainland will have a higher level of biodiversity than an ecosystem closer to the mainland.

NOAA estimates that ______ of coral reefs worldwide are threatened by either human activity or environmental changes.

nfographic 29.1. -Refer to Infographic 29.1. Carbon dioxide emissions have reduced the ocean's pH by about 0.1. Why is this acidification of the ocean a problem?

Table 29.1. -Refer to Table 29.1. Describe ways that you can reduce the threats to ocean ecosystems through your personal actions.

The majority of coral reefs that have been destroyed are found near less-developed countries. What are some of the reasons why these coral reefs have been more damaged compared with reefs found near countries that are more developed?

Fishing pressures (overexploitation) have eliminated ______ of top trophic-level predators in the oceans.

What are invasive species? Discuss the possible causes and the ecological impact of this threat to ocean ecosystems using the lionfish as an example.

What benefit do zooxanthellae get from their mutualistic relationship with corals?

The ocean is so vast it is hard to imagine that human activities could harm it. However, the evidence of human impact is unmistakable. Discuss the nature of marine ecosystem destruction from pollution and overfishing.

What benefit do corals get from their mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae?

The skeleton of coral is mostly composed of ________.

Infographic 29.4. -Refer to the graph in Infographic 29.4. The graph shows the level of each of the four major threats that coral reefs currently face. Which are the correct labels for the graph?

It is estimated that ______ of all ocean species spend some portion of their life in a coral reef.

Where does the majority of ocean pollution come from?

Nutrient-rich areas where shallow rivers meet the ocean are known as ______.

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Feeding the World - a Gene Revolution: Can Genetically Engineered Food Help End Hunger

Agriculture- Farming Like an Ecosystem: Creative Solutions to Feeding the World- Conventional Energy: Fossil Fuels

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Oil and Natural Gas- the Bakken Oil Boom: Is Our Next Big Fuel Source Our Dirtiest- Air Pollution: Consequences of Using Fossil Fuels

Air Pollution- the Youngest Scientists: Kids on the Frontlines of Asthma Research

Climate Change- When the Trees Leave: Scientists Grapple With a Shifting Climate- Alternatives to Fossil Fuels

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Restoring the Range: the Key to Recovering the Worlds Grasslands May Be a Surprising One

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