Exam 2: The Nature of Science and Research

________________ comes in various forms,but it says we overgeneralize from what we believe to be highly positive or prestigious sources of knowledge.

_______________ refers to observations that people experience through the senses-touch,sight,hearing,smell,and taste.

Scientists should accept new ideas or evidence in a carefree,uncritical manner.

The social sciences,such as anthropology,psychology,political science,education,criminal justice criminology,and sociology,involve the study of people-their beliefs,personalities,behavior, interaction,cultures,institutions,and so forth.

When we accept something as being true just because someone in a position of authority says it is true,we are using _________________ as a basis of knowing.

_____________ are the empirical evidence or information that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures.

Like a magazine or newspaper author who is paid for writing,researchers are paid for publishing in scholarly journals.

__________________ is a basis of knowledge in which we rely on our own lived experiences.

____________________ is the scientific norm that says that producing knowledge is a public act and the findings should be available for all to use.In order for it to be accepted into the community,it must be rigorously reviewed.

Scientists may argue intensely with one another and tear apart a research report as part of the norm of organized skepticism.

Political funding in criminology/criminal justice does jot have a significant impact on its research agenda.

A _________________ is longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several time periods.

_________________ occurs when we feel we have all the answers and do not need to listen,seek information,or raise questions any longer.

Describe the quantitative research process.

_________________ occurs when we have some evidence that we believe and then assume that it applies to many other situations.

Academic freedom is the existence of an open and largely unrestricted atmosphere for the free exchange of ideas and information.

Kuhn's progression of knowledge is the idea that scientific knowledge does not progress in a simple linear and cumulative fashion;rather,knowledge progresses in the context of a community,meaning that professional,personal,and cultural interests play important roles.

A _______________ is longitudinal research in which information about a category of cases or people that shared a common experience at one time period is traced across subsequent time periods.

___________________ is the scientific norm that demands utmost honesty in all aspects of the research process;dishonesty,fraud,or cheating is a major taboo.

What are the alternatives to research based knowledge?