Exam 3: Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations

____________ are rarely used in isolation.Rather,they form interconnected groups,or concept clusters.

_____________ are ideas expressed as a symbol or in words.

The ultimate purpose of research for PSS is scientific explanation-to discover and document universal causal laws of human behavior.

Whereas PSS assumes determinism,ISS emphasizes voluntary individual free choice,sometimes called ____________________ .

Although most positivists believe in absolute determinism,PSS downplays an individual's objective or external reasons and any sense of social influence or pressure.

The idea that each of us carries with us an enormous stock of theoretical knowledge essential for making sense of our surroundings is known as a personal theoretical framework.

We can think of the social world as comprising many units of analysis,such as individual people,groups,organizations,movements,institutions,countries,and the world.

________________ is defined as empathetic understanding used by ISS researchers as their primary goal.

Interpretative social scientists' ultimate purpose thus is to learn about how the world works so they can acquire an in-depth understanding of other people,appreciate the wide diversity of lived human experience,and better acknowledge shared humanity.

_____________ looks at the questions,how do we know what we say we know,and what constitutes legitimate knowledge?

Explain the types of relationships that can exist between concepts in criminal justice research.

The term ______________ refers to the idea that two seemingly contradictory elements or processes actually interact in a mutually transformative manner,with each transforming one another.

__________________ suggests that free will,choices,and decision making are not unlimited or open ended;rather,they stay within restricted boundaries of options-both culturally and materially derived.

The term subjective implies that observers should agree on what they see and that scientific knowledge is not based on values,opinions,attitudes,or beliefs.

______________ is a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge for purposes of understanding and/or explanation.

A __________ is classified depending on their location in a causal relationship.

An ______________ position states that what people see and touch (i.e. ,empirical reality)is not overly complex.

is an orientation toward reality that assumes the beliefs and meanings people construct and use in a social context fundamentally shape social reality.

The cause variable,or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something else,is the _______________.

Explain the three approaches to social science research.