Exam 9: Nonreactive Research: Content Analysis and Existing Documentsstatistics

Coding the visible,surface content in a text is called _____________.For example,a researcher counts the number of times a phrase or word (e.g. ,red)appears in written text,or whether a specific action (e.g. ,a kiss)appears in a photograph or video scene.

______________ in written text is measured by counting words,sentences,paragraphs,or area on a page (e.g. ,square inches).

Nonreactive methods,particularly content analysis,are somewhat in line with interpretive social science in that they discern the meaning of text.

Text includes books,newspaper or magazine articles,advertisements,speeches,official documents, films or videotapes,musical lyrics,photographs,articles of clothing,or works of art.

A clear weakness of using existing documents/data is their scarce availability for many crime and justice research topics.

__________________ is another name for nonreactive measures that emphasizes how the people being studied are not aware of it because the measures do not intrude

Constructs in content analysis must be operationalized with a ___________________, a set of instructions or rules on how to systematically observe and record content from text.

A collection of documents or artifacts that a researcher can use as data is referred to as _______________.

Nonreactive research is the second most common research method used in crime and justice studies.

______________ is the strength or power of a message in a direction.For example,the characteristic of unintelligence can be minor (e.g. ,not being able to remember simple things)or major (e.g. ,not being able to understand simple words).

___________ are the physical remains of human activity.

Equivalence reliability in content analysis with multiple content coders that require a high degree of consistency across coders is called:

Nonreactive variables often have stronger validity because they do not measure the construct of interest.

Careful measurement is crucial in content analysis because a researcher takes diffuse and murky symbolic communication and turns it into precise,quantitative data.

_______________is noting the direction of messages in the content along some continuum (e.g. ,positive or negative,supporting or opposed).

__________________ is another name for nonreactive measures that emphasizes how the people being studied are not aware of it because the measures do not intrude.

What are the strengths of unobtrusive research?

Existing documents and data sets are trouble free because a government agency or other source gathered the original data.

________________ is a general name for a communication medium from which symbolic meaning is measured in content analysis.

Content analysis is reactive because the process of placing words,messages,or symbols in a text to communicate to a reader or receiver occurs while also influencing the researcher who analyzes its content.