Question 1

If a researcher wants to conduct a study on the framing effect,which of the following would be the most likely topic for the study?

Accepted Answer

A) "How do math undergraduates and math professors differ in their confidence about decisions?" 
B) "How long do people maintain their commitment to an unsatisfactory decision?" 
C) "Under what circumstances do people overestimate their ability to predict events that have already occurred?" 
D) "Should a product that costs $300 and is marked down to $200 be advertised as only $200 or $100 off?" 
A) "How do math undergraduates and math professors differ in their confidence about decisions?" 
B) "How long do people maintain their commitment to an unsatisfactory decision?" 
C) "Under what circumstances do people overestimate their ability to predict events that have already occurred?" 
D) "Should a product that costs $300 and is marked down to $200 be advertised as only $200 or $100 off?"

Question 2

On the classic selection task in conditional reasoning,people work on the problem,"If a card has a vowel on one side,then it has an even number on the other side." Research on variations of this task indicates that

Accepted Answer

A) people consistently seek out negative information rather than positive information. 
B) the problem is easier to solve if it describes something concrete,such as drinking age. 
C) this is one of the few tasks that people can solve more accurately in their heads than when the problem is represented with concrete objects. 
D) people are systematically influenced by the representativeness heuristic. 
A) people consistently seek out negative information rather than positive information. 
B) the problem is easier to solve if it describes something concrete,such as drinking age. 
C) this is one of the few tasks that people can solve more accurately in their heads than when the problem is represented with concrete objects. 
D) people are systematically influenced by the representativeness heuristic.

Question 3

Research on the base rate in connection with the representativeness heuristic has demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A) people pay too much attention to the base rate in making probability judgments. 
B) people often reach the correct decision when the question is worded differently. 
C) training sessions are generally unsuccessful at getting students to use base-rate information appropriately. 
D) the conjunction fallacy explains why people pay so little attention to the base rate. 
A) people pay too much attention to the base rate in making probability judgments. 
B) people often reach the correct decision when the question is worded differently. 
C) training sessions are generally unsuccessful at getting students to use base-rate information appropriately. 
D) the conjunction fallacy explains why people pay so little attention to the base rate.

Question 4

According to the social cognition approach to stereotypes,we form stereotypes primarily

Accepted Answer

A) because of our normal cognitive processes. 
B) because we dislike certain categories of people. 
C) because we feel guilty,and we want to blame other categories of people for some problems. 
D) because of factors that evolutionary psychology can explain. 
A) because of our normal cognitive processes. 
B) because we dislike certain categories of people. 
C) because we feel guilty,and we want to blame other categories of people for some problems. 
D) because of factors that evolutionary psychology can explain.

Question 5

12-100.Suppose that you are watching television just after a Congressional election,and your favorite candidate has won-although the election was close.You say to a friend,"Well,I was really quite confident that he would win." This might be an example of

Accepted Answer

A) a conjunction fallacy. 
B) the framing effect. 
C) the hindsight bias. 
D) the representativeness heuristic. 
A) a conjunction fallacy. 
B) the framing effect. 
C) the hindsight bias. 
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 6

Studies on the belief-bias effect conclude that

Accepted Answer

A) in general,people select answers that are correct from a logical standpoint. 
B) the anchoring and adjustment heuristic often operates inappropriately. 
C) people typically have the biased belief that they ought to affirm the consequent. 
D) people often select answers that are "common sense" rather than logically correct. 
A) in general,people select answers that are correct from a logical standpoint. 
B) the anchoring and adjustment heuristic often operates inappropriately. 
C) people typically have the biased belief that they ought to affirm the consequent. 
D) people often select answers that are "common sense" rather than logically correct.

Question 7

Suppose that you are assigning eight college students to two committees.By chance,one committee has four students from the social sciences,and the other has four students from the humanities.If people protest that this arrangement does not seem to be random,they are following

Accepted Answer

A) the confirmation bias. 
B) the base-rate fallacy. 
C) the availability heuristic. 
D) the representativeness heuristic. 
A) the confirmation bias. 
B) the base-rate fallacy. 
C) the availability heuristic. 
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 8

Suppose that you are trying to decide whether to take a course from Professor Jones or Professor Smith.Your friends have made many positive comments about both professors.You decide to take a course with Professor Jones,because today you heard more praise about Professor Jones.You are using

Accepted Answer

A) the availability heuristic. 
B) the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. 
C) the representativeness heuristic. 
D) the recognition heuristic. 
A) the availability heuristic. 
B) the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. 
C) the representativeness heuristic. 
D) the recognition heuristic.

Question 9

Cynthia has developed an informal hypothesis: "If a student is a psychology major,then that student favors gun control." She questions 20 psychology majors and all 20 do favor gun control.However,she does not pursue additional information.Specifically,she does not seek out people who oppose gun control to determine whether they are psychology majors.From the perspective of deductive reasoning,Cynthia has

Accepted Answer

A) demonstrated confirmation bias. 
B) relied too heavily on the belief-bias effect. 
C) relied too heavily on counterexamples. 
D) overused the availability heuristic. 
A) demonstrated confirmation bias. 
B) relied too heavily on the belief-bias effect. 
C) relied too heavily on counterexamples. 
D) overused the availability heuristic.

Question 10

According to the discussion of the confirmation bias in deductive reasoning,

Accepted Answer

A) the confirmation bias slightly increases the accuracy of answers for novices. 
B) the confirmation bias typically occurs when people rely too strongly on the crystal-ball technique. 
C) the confirmation bias means that people prefer to demonstrate that a hypothesis is true,rather than to demonstrate that it is false. 
D) typically only about 10% of college students tend to show the confirmation bias. 
A) the confirmation bias slightly increases the accuracy of answers for novices. 
B) the confirmation bias typically occurs when people rely too strongly on the crystal-ball technique. 
C) the confirmation bias means that people prefer to demonstrate that a hypothesis is true,rather than to demonstrate that it is false. 
D) typically only about 10% of college students tend to show the confirmation bias.

Question 11

Research on the availability heuristic shows that

Accepted Answer

A) when medical journals contain many articles about a particular disease,physicians are likely to believe that it is easily curable. 
B) estimates for a country's population are distorted by the frequency with which the country is mentioned in the news. 
C) more recent events tend to be given relatively little weight in making frequency estimates,compared with events that occurred long ago. 
D) people almost always select answers that are consistent with deductive reasoning. 
A) when medical journals contain many articles about a particular disease,physicians are likely to believe that it is easily curable. 
B) estimates for a country's population are distorted by the frequency with which the country is mentioned in the news. 
C) more recent events tend to be given relatively little weight in making frequency estimates,compared with events that occurred long ago. 
D) people almost always select answers that are consistent with deductive reasoning.

Question 12

Theme 2 argues that people are usually fairly accurate on cognitive tasks.How does this theme apply to deductive reasoning tasks?

Accepted Answer

A) People are not very accurate on everyday deductive-reasoning tasks,so the theme doesn't apply here. 
B) The reasoning tasks we encounter in our daily lives are generally more concrete,so we are more likely to be accurate. 
C) People typically change these reasoning tasks into decision-making tasks,which are easier to solve quickly and accurately. 
D) People really are quite accurate on reasoning tasks,even when these tasks are abstract. 
A) People are not very accurate on everyday deductive-reasoning tasks,so the theme doesn't apply here. 
B) The reasoning tasks we encounter in our daily lives are generally more concrete,so we are more likely to be accurate. 
C) People typically change these reasoning tasks into decision-making tasks,which are easier to solve quickly and accurately. 
D) People really are quite accurate on reasoning tasks,even when these tasks are abstract.

Question 13

Suppose that a quiz show host asks a contestant which city in France has the greater population,Paris or Nantes.The contestant immediately responds,"Paris." According to the discussion of decision making,

Accepted Answer

A) this is an example of an illusory correlation. 
B) people usually have difficulty in answering questions that use the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. 
C) this is a variant of the representativeness heuristic. 
D) this is an example of the recognition heuristic. 
A) this is an example of an illusory correlation. 
B) people usually have difficulty in answering questions that use the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. 
C) this is a variant of the representativeness heuristic. 
D) this is an example of the recognition heuristic.

Question 14

When people estimate confidence intervals,they typically

Accepted Answer

A) provide estimates that are too wide. 
B) rely too heavily on the representativeness heuristic. 
C) are not sufficiently confident about their decisions. 
D) provide estimates that are too narrow. 
A) provide estimates that are too wide. 
B) rely too heavily on the representativeness heuristic. 
C) are not sufficiently confident about their decisions. 
D) provide estimates that are too narrow.

Question 15

Here is a reasoning problem: If Mary is a psychology major at your college then she must take statistics.Mary graduates from your college without taking statistics.Therefore,Mary is not a psychology major.What kind of problem is this?

Accepted Answer

A) Analogy 
B) Conditional reasoning problem 
C) The crystal-ball technique 
D) Syllogism 
A) Analogy 
B) Conditional reasoning problem 
C) The crystal-ball technique 
D) Syllogism

Question 16

Heuristics in decision making

Accepted Answer

A) may become a liability when they are applied inappropriately. 
B) always lead us to the correct decision. 
C) are mathematical formulas that precisely predict how people will perform on decision-making tasks. 
D) are helpful in decision-making situations,but people rarely apply them. 
A) may become a liability when they are applied inappropriately. 
B) always lead us to the correct decision. 
C) are mathematical formulas that precisely predict how people will perform on decision-making tasks. 
D) are helpful in decision-making situations,but people rarely apply them.

Question 17

A coin has been tossed six times,and has landed on "heads" five out of the six times.Haley comments that the coin must not be a fair coin,but Zhanna says that this conclusion is unwarranted.Haley has fallen victim to the

Accepted Answer

A) small-sample fallacy. 
B) base rate fallacy. 
C) anchoring and adjustment heuristic. 
D) false algorithm. 
A) small-sample fallacy. 
B) base rate fallacy. 
C) anchoring and adjustment heuristic. 
D) false algorithm.

Question 18

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the representativeness heuristic?

Accepted Answer

A) Ko-Eun: "We use the representativeness heuristic when we judge frequency in terms of how easily we can think of examples of a category." 
B) Tianna: "The representativeness heuristic demonstrates that we initially make a guess,and then we make modest adjustments to that initial guess." 
C) Brandon: "When using the representativeness heuristic,we overemphasize the base rate and don't pay enough attention to the availability heuristic." 
D) Celia: "The representativeness heuristic typically works well,although we tend to ignore other relevant information that we should consider." 
A) Ko-Eun: "We use the representativeness heuristic when we judge frequency in terms of how easily we can think of examples of a category." 
B) Tianna: "The representativeness heuristic demonstrates that we initially make a guess,and then we make modest adjustments to that initial guess." 
C) Brandon: "When using the representativeness heuristic,we overemphasize the base rate and don't pay enough attention to the availability heuristic." 
D) Celia: "The representativeness heuristic typically works well,although we tend to ignore other relevant information that we should consider."

Question 19

According to the research on the confirmation bias,

Accepted Answer

A) people would rather focus on the antecedent than on the consequent. 
B) people would rather think in terms of what is not true than in terms of what is true. 
C) people would rather confirm a hypothesis than disprove it. 
D) people would rather deny the consequent than affirm the antecedent. 
A) people would rather focus on the antecedent than on the consequent. 
B) people would rather think in terms of what is not true than in terms of what is true. 
C) people would rather confirm a hypothesis than disprove it. 
D) people would rather deny the consequent than affirm the antecedent.

Question 20

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research on overconfidence?

Accepted Answer

A) Solange: "Overconfidence applies to many other cognitive tasks,in addition to decision making." 
B) Igor: "The research on overconfidence shows that participants are consistently overconfident,no matter what kind of questions they are asked." 
C) Steve: "Individual differences are surprisingly small in this area; both experts and novices show similar levels of overconfidence." 
D) Amber: "The overconfidence effect can be traced to illusory correlations." 
A) Solange: "Overconfidence applies to many other cognitive tasks,in addition to decision making." 
B) Igor: "The research on overconfidence shows that participants are consistently overconfident,no matter what kind of questions they are asked." 
C) Steve: "Individual differences are surprisingly small in this area; both experts and novices show similar levels of overconfidence." 
D) Amber: "The overconfidence effect can be traced to illusory correlations."

If a researcher wants to conduct a study on the framing effect,which of the following would be the most likely topic for the study?

On the classic selection task in conditional reasoning,people work on the problem,"If a card has a vowel on one side,then it has an even number on the other side." Research on variations of this task indicates that

Research on the base rate in connection with the representativeness heuristic has demonstrated that

According to the social cognition approach to stereotypes,we form stereotypes primarily

12-100.Suppose that you are watching television just after a Congressional election,and your favorite candidate has won-although the election was close.You say to a friend,"Well,I was really quite confident that he would win." This might be an example of

Studies on the belief-bias effect conclude that

Suppose that you are assigning eight college students to two committees.By chance,one committee has four students from the social sciences,and the other has four students from the humanities.If people protest that this arrangement does not seem to be random,they are following

Suppose that you are trying to decide whether to take a course from Professor Jones or Professor Smith.Your friends have made many positive comments about both professors.You decide to take a course with Professor Jones,because today you heard more praise about Professor Jones.You are using

According to the discussion of the confirmation bias in deductive reasoning,

Research on the availability heuristic shows that

Theme 2 argues that people are usually fairly accurate on cognitive tasks.How does this theme apply to deductive reasoning tasks?

Suppose that a quiz show host asks a contestant which city in France has the greater population,Paris or Nantes.The contestant immediately responds,"Paris." According to the discussion of decision making,

When people estimate confidence intervals,they typically

Here is a reasoning problem: If Mary is a psychology major at your college then she must take statistics.Mary graduates from your college without taking statistics.Therefore,Mary is not a psychology major.What kind of problem is this?

Heuristics in decision making

A coin has been tossed six times,and has landed on "heads" five out of the six times.Haley comments that the coin must not be a fair coin,but Zhanna says that this conclusion is unwarranted.Haley has fallen victim to the

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the representativeness heuristic?

According to the research on the confirmation bias,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research on overconfidence?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

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Exam 12: Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

If a researcher wants to conduct a study on the framing effect,which of the following would be the most likely topic for the study?

On the classic selection task in conditional reasoning,people work on the problem,"If a card has a vowel on one side,then it has an even number on the other side." Research on variations of this task indicates that

Research on the base rate in connection with the representativeness heuristic has demonstrated that

According to the social cognition approach to stereotypes,we form stereotypes primarily

12-100.Suppose that you are watching television just after a Congressional election,and your favorite candidate has won-although the election was close.You say to a friend,"Well,I was really quite confident that he would win." This might be an example of

Studies on the belief-bias effect conclude that

Suppose that you are assigning eight college students to two committees.By chance,one committee has four students from the social sciences,and the other has four students from the humanities.If people protest that this arrangement does not seem to be random,they are following

Suppose that you are trying to decide whether to take a course from Professor Jones or Professor Smith.Your friends have made many positive comments about both professors.You decide to take a course with Professor Jones,because today you heard more praise about Professor Jones.You are using

According to the discussion of the confirmation bias in deductive reasoning,

Research on the availability heuristic shows that

Theme 2 argues that people are usually fairly accurate on cognitive tasks.How does this theme apply to deductive reasoning tasks?

Suppose that a quiz show host asks a contestant which city in France has the greater population,Paris or Nantes.The contestant immediately responds,"Paris." According to the discussion of decision making,

When people estimate confidence intervals,they typically

Here is a reasoning problem: If Mary is a psychology major at your college then she must take statistics.Mary graduates from your college without taking statistics.Therefore,Mary is not a psychology major.What kind of problem is this?

Heuristics in decision making

A coin has been tossed six times,and has landed on "heads" five out of the six times.Haley comments that the coin must not be a fair coin,but Zhanna says that this conclusion is unwarranted.Haley has fallen victim to the

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the representativeness heuristic?

According to the research on the confirmation bias,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research on overconfidence?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters