Exam 10: Altruism and Moral Development

Johnnie, a 2-year-old, is about to empty a full ashtray onto the carpet when his mother shouts, "No, no, Johnnie!" and gives his hand a mild slap. Johnnie's father then argues that she should have let Johnnie dump the ashtray first so that Johnnie would understand why he was being punished. According to the available research on punishment effectiveness, which procedure should be most effective at preventing Johnnie from turning over ashtrays in the future?

Punishment is more likely to be effective in promoting resistance to temptation when the punishment is administered

Which of the following "nonpunitive" techniques might prove successful at helping children to resist everyday temptations cookies between meals?

One Freudian hypothesis about moral development that has received some support is that

Kochanska finds that inductive discipline works especially well at promoting the moral internalization of _____ children, whereas induction is a poor fit for _____ children, who respond more positively to a secure, cooperative relationship with the parent.

What factors seem to account for the sizable cross-cultural variations in prosocial conduct that the Whitings observed in their study? What do Chinese children think about taking credit for their prosocial behavior, given that prosocial conduct seems to be almost obligatory for them?

Kohlberg's theory of moral development extended Piaget's theory by demonstrating that

Sharing in preschool children has been found to

Siegal and Cowen found that 4- to 9-year-olds tend to agree that _____ is the least appropriate response to a child's misconduct.

Social learning theorists have assumed that prosocial acts that appear to be _____ are actually _____.

Recent research reveals that many 33-to 45-month-olds have a "conscience" that already consists of two components; ________ and _____________.

Mickey chooses to work on Saturday to help with the Special Olympics. In his own words, "I believe that the Special Olympics is a most worthy cause and I'd feel horrible if I simply turned my back on the kids and went fishing instead of working." Mickey's justification for helping places him at the _____ level of prosocial moral reasoning.

According to Kohlberg, moral development will be arrested and remain at a level considered socially immature unless the person

Whiting and Whiting's (1975) survey of children's altruism in six cultures revealed that

Kochanska's recent research on temperament, discipline, and moral development revealed that

In contrast to Piaget's and Kohlberg's findings in Western societies and colleagues found that Indians from India

The fact that young grade-school children often _____ when resolving prosocial moral dilemmas implies that Kohlberg _____ the moral sophistication of children younger than 10.

Both parents and peers can foster the growth of moral reasoning by discussing moral issues with a child or an adolescent. What approach might peers take to foster the moral growth of their discussion partners? Is this same approach effective when used by parents? Why or why not?

According to Piaget, equal-status contact with peers _____ autonomous morality because it _____.

Lee and associates (1997) study of Canadian and Chinese children's thinking about prosocial and antisocial conduct revealed that