Exam 10: Altruism and Moral Development

One reason that reinforcement may not be the most effective way to promote the development of inhibitory controls is that

Investigators have been reporting findings that challenge Piaget's theory of moral development. Briefly discuss two such findings and indicate why they present problems for Piaget's theory.

Children entering Piaget's autonomous stage of moral development believe that

If "any act that benefits other people" is the definition of prosocial behavior (and it is), then proponents of the _____ definition of altruism would say that to be altruistic is simply to behave prosocially.

Describe the evidence Kohlberg and colleagues use to argue that Kohlberg's levels and stages of moral reasoning are cultural universals. What evidence is there which implies that not all aspects of moral development are so universal?

People in rural villages in underdeveloped societies often fail to show any postconventional moral reasoning. Research suggests that this is because

According to Freud, a child's internalization of _____ moral standards leads to the development of the _____ .

"Stealing is wrong! One has to obey laws prohibiting thefts in order to prevent social disintegration and chaos." People who use such logic in resolving a Kohlbergian moral dilemma would most likely be classified as a _____ moral reasoner.

Twin studies reveal that ______ on prosocial behavior decline over time whereas the influence of _______ become stronger with age

Cognitive-developmental theorists think that altruism becomes more common in middle childhood as grade-school children acquire _____. Adolescents are even more altruistically inclined because they now have skills to appreciate the implications of _____.

Progression from Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning (stages 1 and 2) to Kohlberg's conventional morality (stages 3 and 4) requires

Even preschool children are likely to think that adults are abusing authority should they

Kohlberg believed that changes in moral reasoning were induced by

According to cognitive-developmentalists, universal norms or principles such as the Golden Rule should begin to trigger strong attributions of personal responsibility for helping others who need help during

Social-learning theorists view empathic responding as compatible with their explanation of altruism, arguing that

A basic distinction between Kohlberg's and Piaget's theories or moral development is that

Critics contend that Kohlberg's theory is culturally biased, seriously underestimating the moral sophistication of people from _____ societies and cultures.

Piaget favored _____ as a strategy for studying children's moral development.

Eisenberg and associates have found that mature prosocial moral reasoners are more likely than immature prosocial moral reasoners to

Recent cross-cultural research reveals that _______.