Question 1

The F0 base of ATP synthase serves as a(n)______.

Accepted Answer

A) enzyme that synthesizes ATP 
B) enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP 
C) channel that conducts protons from the intermembrane space back to the matrix 
D) channel that conducts protons from the matrix back to the intermembrane space 
E) proton pump 
A) enzyme that synthesizes ATP 
B) enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP 
C) channel that conducts protons from the intermembrane space back to the matrix 
D) channel that conducts protons from the matrix back to the intermembrane space 
E) proton pump C

Question 2

There are four large complexes of electron transport molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane.There are also two smaller proteins that carry electrons between the complexes.What is a possible reason for the much smaller size of these shuttle proteins,cytochrome c and ubiquinone?

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome c and ubiquinone are smaller because they must shuttle electrons between the complexes.They would be unable to diffuse through the membrane efficiently if they were extremely large like the complexes.

Question 3

What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondrial disorders? What word describes the mixture of wild-type and mutant mitochondrial DNA found in the mitochondria of a cell?

Accepted Answer

They are not inherited in a Mendelian fashion,but exhibit maternal inheritance.The mitochondria present in the cells of a human embryo are derived exclusively from mitochondria that were present in the egg at the time of conception without any contribution from the fertilizing sperm and thus they all come from the mother.In addition,the mitochondria of a cell can contain a mixture of both normal (i.e. ,wild-type)and mutant mtDNA.The level of mutant mtDNA can vary from one organ to another within a single individual,and it is only when a preponderance of the mitochondria in a particular tissue contains defective genetic information that clinical symptoms usually appear.Because of this variability,members of a family carrying the same mtDNA mutation can exhibit significantly different symptoms.Heteroplasmy describes the mixture of wild-type and mutant mitochondrial DNA found in the mitochondria of a cell.

Question 4

Spontaneous oxidation-reduction (redox)reactions are accompanied by ________.

Accepted Answer

A) a gain of heat energy 
B) a loss of free energy 
C) a gain of free energy 
D) a loss of heat energy 
E) a gain of heat loss 
A) a gain of heat energy 
B) a loss of free energy 
C) a gain of free energy 
D) a loss of heat energy 
E) a gain of heat loss

Question 5

What drives the rotation of the F1 head of ATP synthase?

Accepted Answer

A) proton movement from intermembrane space to the matrix 
B) proton movement from the matrix to the intermembrane space 
C) ATP hydrolysis 
D) ATP condensation 
E) proton movement from the cytoplasm to the intermembrane space 
A) proton movement from intermembrane space to the matrix 
B) proton movement from the matrix to the intermembrane space 
C) ATP hydrolysis 
D) ATP condensation 
E) proton movement from the cytoplasm to the intermembrane space

Question 6

___________ exhibit lower electron affinity.

Accepted Answer

A) Strong oxidizing agents 
B) Strong elucidating agents 
C) Strong reducing agents 
D) Weak reducing agents 
E) Weak eliminating agents 
A) Strong oxidizing agents 
B) Strong elucidating agents 
C) Strong reducing agents 
D) Weak reducing agents 
E) Weak eliminating agents

Question 7

How do mitochondria generate and store the energy used to produce most of the ATP made during aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

A) by producing heat 
B) by generating a heat gradient 
C) by generating an ionic (electrochemical)gradient 
D) by generating a Cl- ion gradient 
E) by generating a Na+ ion gradient 
A) by producing heat 
B) by generating a heat gradient 
C) by generating an ionic (electrochemical)gradient 
D) by generating a Cl- ion gradient 
E) by generating a Na+ ion gradient

Question 8

Which person would tend to have a higher proportion of slow-twitch than fast-twitch muscles: a weight lifter,a sprinter,or a long distance runner?

Accepted Answer

The long distance ru

Question 9

What happens to the carbons of pyruvate that do not enter the Krebs cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) They are converted to carbohydrates. 
B) They are converted to CO2. 
C) They are converted to glucose. 
D) They are converted to ATP. 
E) They are converted to carbon monoxide (CO). 
A) They are converted to carbohydrates. 
B) They are converted to CO2. 
C) They are converted to glucose. 
D) They are converted to ATP. 
E) They are converted to carbon monoxide (CO).

Question 10

You have isolated some muscle cells in a tissue culture system.You are able to get them to contract in culture.If you add an inhibitor of the electron transport system to these cells,they do not contract quite as much,but they still contract noticeably.What kind of muscle fiber type are you employing?

Accepted Answer

These muscle fibers are most likely to b

Question 11

When fusion of mitochondria becomes more frequent than fission,the mitochondria tend to become __________.

Accepted Answer

A) more elongated 
B) more interconnected 
C) more numerous 
D) more distinct 
E) more elongated and more interconnected 
A) more elongated 
B) more interconnected 
C) more numerous 
D) more distinct 
E) more elongated and more interconnected

Question 12

In addition to driving the synthesis of ATP,what other processes in the mitochondria are driven by the proton-motive force?

Accepted Answer

The proton-motive force drives the uptak

Question 13

What happens to the mtDNA of mice that are homozygous for the mutant gene called Polg? How do the "mutator" mice differ from their normal littermates? How do mice that are heterozygous for the Polg mutation differ from those that are homozygous for the Polg mutation? What should have happened to the life span of mice heterozygous for the Polg gene,if mtDNA mutations were a major contributor to the normal aging process? What do the above results of studies of the Polg mutation suggest about the relationship between mtDNA mutations and premature aging in animals?

Accepted Answer

The Polg gene encodes the enzyme that re

Question 14

Why does the DNA in mitochondria exhibit about 10 times the mutation rate seen in nuclear DNA and what is the possible effect of this on disease processes?

Accepted Answer

Because of its proximity to electron-tra

Question 15

Why is aerobic exercise one of the best ways to lose weight by decreasing the body's fat content?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic exercise is initially fueled by

Question 16

What is formed when electrons reach the bottom of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and bind to the final electron acceptor?

Accepted Answer

A) water 
B) carbon dioxide 
C) carbon monoxide 
D) hydrogen 
E) oxygen 
A) water 
B) carbon dioxide 
C) carbon monoxide 
D) hydrogen 
E) oxygen

Question 17

How many catalytic sites does ATP synthase possess?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 3 
D) 6 
E) 4 
A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 3 
D) 6 
E) 4

Question 18

What type of electron carrier has a prosthetic group derived from riboflavin?

Accepted Answer

A) flavoproteins 
B) cytochromes 
C) copper atom containing carriers 
D) ubiquinone 
E) iron-sulfur proteins 
A) flavoproteins 
B) cytochromes 
C) copper atom containing carriers 
D) ubiquinone 
E) iron-sulfur proteins

Question 19

What is meant by aerobic exercise?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic exercises are designed to allow

Question 20

Rat liver mitochondria are isolated and placed in an assay medium.What happens to the pH of the medium when the medium is kept anaerobic? What happens when O2-saturated saline is added to the mixture?

Accepted Answer

When the medium is kept anaerobic,the pH

The F₀ base of ATP synthase serves as a(n)______.

There are four large complexes of electron transport molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane.There are also two smaller proteins that carry electrons between the complexes.What is a possible reason for the much smaller size of these shuttle proteins,cytochrome c and ubiquinone?

What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondrial disorders? What word describes the mixture of wild-type and mutant mitochondrial DNA found in the mitochondria of a cell?

Spontaneous oxidation-reduction (redox)reactions are accompanied by ________.

What drives the rotation of the F₁ head of ATP synthase?

___________ exhibit lower electron affinity.

How do mitochondria generate and store the energy used to produce most of the ATP made during aerobic respiration?

Which person would tend to have a higher proportion of slow-twitch than fast-twitch muscles: a weight lifter,a sprinter,or a long distance runner?

What happens to the carbons of pyruvate that do not enter the Krebs cycle?

When fusion of mitochondria becomes more frequent than fission,the mitochondria tend to become __________.

In addition to driving the synthesis of ATP,what other processes in the mitochondria are driven by the proton-motive force?

Why does the DNA in mitochondria exhibit about 10 times the mutation rate seen in nuclear DNA and what is the possible effect of this on disease processes?

Why is aerobic exercise one of the best ways to lose weight by decreasing the body's fat content?

What is formed when electrons reach the bottom of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and bind to the final electron acceptor?

How many catalytic sites does ATP synthase possess?

What type of electron carrier has a prosthetic group derived from riboflavin?

What is meant by aerobic exercise?

Rat liver mitochondria are isolated and placed in an assay medium.What happens to the pH of the medium when the medium is kept anaerobic? What happens when O₂-saturated saline is added to the mixture?

Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life

Bioenergetics, Enzymes, and Metabolism

The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane

Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast

Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment

Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility

The Nature of the Gene and the Genome

Gene Expression: From Transcription to Translation

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Replication and Repair

Cellular Reproduction

Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication Between Cells

Cancer

The Immune Response

Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology

Filters

Exam 5: Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion

The F0 base of ATP synthase serves as a(n)______.

There are four large complexes of electron transport molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane.There are also two smaller proteins that carry electrons between the complexes.What is a possible reason for the much smaller size of these shuttle proteins,cytochrome c and ubiquinone?

What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondrial disorders? What word describes the mixture of wild-type and mutant mitochondrial DNA found in the mitochondria of a cell?

Spontaneous oxidation-reduction (redox)reactions are accompanied by ________.

What drives the rotation of the F1 head of ATP synthase?

___________ exhibit lower electron affinity.

How do mitochondria generate and store the energy used to produce most of the ATP made during aerobic respiration?

Which person would tend to have a higher proportion of slow-twitch than fast-twitch muscles: a weight lifter,a sprinter,or a long distance runner?

What happens to the carbons of pyruvate that do not enter the Krebs cycle?

When fusion of mitochondria becomes more frequent than fission,the mitochondria tend to become __________.

In addition to driving the synthesis of ATP,what other processes in the mitochondria are driven by the proton-motive force?

Why does the DNA in mitochondria exhibit about 10 times the mutation rate seen in nuclear DNA and what is the possible effect of this on disease processes?

Why is aerobic exercise one of the best ways to lose weight by decreasing the body's fat content?

What is formed when electrons reach the bottom of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and bind to the final electron acceptor?

How many catalytic sites does ATP synthase possess?

What type of electron carrier has a prosthetic group derived from riboflavin?

What is meant by aerobic exercise?

Rat liver mitochondria are isolated and placed in an assay medium.What happens to the pH of the medium when the medium is kept anaerobic? What happens when O2-saturated saline is added to the mixture?

Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life

Bioenergetics, Enzymes, and Metabolism

The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane

Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast

Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment

Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking

The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility

The Nature of the Gene and the Genome

Gene Expression: From Transcription to Translation

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Replication and Repair

Cellular Reproduction

Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication Between Cells

Cancer

The Immune Response

Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology

Filters

The F₀ base of ATP synthase serves as a(n)______.

What drives the rotation of the F₁ head of ATP synthase?

Rat liver mitochondria are isolated and placed in an assay medium.What happens to the pH of the medium when the medium is kept anaerobic? What happens when O₂-saturated saline is added to the mixture?