Question 1

Which of the following processes is most like the formation of identical twins?

Accepted Answer

A)  cell cloning 
B)  therapeutic cloning 
C)  use of adult stem cells 
D)  organismal cloning 
A)  cell cloning 
B)  therapeutic cloning 
C)  use of adult stem cells 
D)  organismal cloning

Question 2

Pax-6 is a gene that is involved in eye formation in many invertebrates, such as Drosophila. Pax-6 is also found in vertebrates. A Pax-6 gene from a mouse can be expressed in a fly and the protein (PAX-6) leads to a compound fly eye. This information suggests which of the following characteristics of this gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. 
B)  PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. 
C)  Pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. 
D)  PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes. 
A)  Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. 
B)  PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. 
C)  Pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. 
D)  PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes.

Question 3

In large scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, what types of genetic markers do researchers look for?

Accepted Answer

A)  lengthy sequences that might be shared by most members of a population 
B)  SNPs where one allele is found more often in persons with a particular disorder than in healthy controls 
C)  SNPs where one allele is found in families with a particular introns sequence 
D)  SNPs where one allele is found in two or more adjacent genes 
A)  lengthy sequences that might be shared by most members of a population 
B)  SNPs where one allele is found more often in persons with a particular disorder than in healthy controls 
C)  SNPs where one allele is found in families with a particular introns sequence 
D)  SNPs where one allele is found in two or more adjacent genes

Question 4

In recent times, it has been shown that adult cells can be induced to become pluripotent stem cells (iPS). To make this conversion, what has been done to the adult cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  A retrovirus is used to introduce four specific master regulatory genes. 
B)  The adult stem cells must be fused with embryonic cells. 
C)  Cytoplasm from embryonic cells is injected into the adult cells. 
D)  The nucleus of an embryonic cell is used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell. 
A)  A retrovirus is used to introduce four specific master regulatory genes. 
B)  The adult stem cells must be fused with embryonic cells. 
C)  Cytoplasm from embryonic cells is injected into the adult cells. 
D)  The nucleus of an embryonic cell is used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell.

Question 5

Which of the following statements describes one of the technical reasons why gene therapy is problematic in humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most cells with an engineered gene do not produce gene product. 
B)  Cells with transferred genes are unlikely to replicate. 
C)  Transferred genes may not have appropriately controlled activity. 
D)  mRNA from transferred genes cannot be translated. 
A)  Most cells with an engineered gene do not produce gene product. 
B)  Cells with transferred genes are unlikely to replicate. 
C)  Transferred genes may not have appropriately controlled activity. 
D)  mRNA from transferred genes cannot be translated.

Question 6

In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reproductive cloning uses totipotent cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not. 
B)  Reproductive cloning uses embryonic stem cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not. 
C)  Therapeutic cloning uses nuclei of adult cells transplanted into enucleated unfertilised eggs. 
D)  Therapeutic cloning supplies cells for repair of diseased or injured organs. 
A)  Reproductive cloning uses totipotent cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not. 
B)  Reproductive cloning uses embryonic stem cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not. 
C)  Therapeutic cloning uses nuclei of adult cells transplanted into enucleated unfertilised eggs. 
D)  Therapeutic cloning supplies cells for repair of diseased or injured organs.

Question 7

A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following findings is likely from this comparison?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation. 
B)  Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts. 
C)  The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. 
D)  The non-stem cells have fewer repressed genes. 
A)  The cells from the two sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation. 
B)  Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts. 
C)  The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays. 
D)  The non-stem cells have fewer repressed genes.

Question 8

Organisms share many conserved core processes and features, including transcription and translation, using a uniform genetic code. Scientists have used these shared processes and features in biotechnology. For example, for the process of some transformations, a plasmid is constructed when a eukaryotic gene of interest is added with an antibiotic resistant gene such as beta-lactamase, which is used for ampicillin resistance. This plasmid is then inserted into a prokaryotic bacterial cell, such as E. coli, through a transformation process that leads to the production of the product protein from the eukaryotic organism. To culture the bacteria and obtain the protein product, the bacteria must grow.
Select the appropriate condition to determine if the plasmid has entered the E. coli bacterial cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  nutrient broth to which no antibiotic has been added 
B)  water to which ampicillin has been added 
C)  nutrient broth to which ampicillin has been added 
D)  nutrient broth to which other resistant bacteria have been added 
A)  nutrient broth to which no antibiotic has been added 
B)  water to which ampicillin has been added 
C)  nutrient broth to which ampicillin has been added 
D)  nutrient broth to which other resistant bacteria have been added

Question 9

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  plasmid replication 
B)  bacterial cell reproduction 
C)  transformation 
D)  plasmid and bacterial cell reproduction 
A)  plasmid replication 
B)  bacterial cell reproduction 
C)  transformation 
D)  plasmid and bacterial cell reproduction

Question 10

In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?

Accepted Answer

A)  replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow 
B)  separation of an early stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe 
C)  transfer of an adult cell's nucleus into an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate 
D)  isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent 
A)  replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow 
B)  separation of an early stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe 
C)  transfer of an adult cell's nucleus into an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate 
D)  isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent

Question 11

DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present?

Accepted Answer

A)  production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism 
B)  analysis of gene expression for more informed cancer treatments 
C)  gene editing by the CRISPR-Cas9 system in viable human embryos to correct genetic diseases 
D)  prenatal identification of genetic disease alleles 
A)  production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism 
B)  analysis of gene expression for more informed cancer treatments 
C)  gene editing by the CRISPR-Cas9 system in viable human embryos to correct genetic diseases 
D)  prenatal identification of genetic disease alleles

Question 12

Which of the following is not true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. 
B)  It was produced from pre-mRNA using reverse transcriptase. 
C)  It can be labelled and used as a probe to detect genes expressed in the brain. 
D)  It lacks the introns of the pre-mRNA. 
A)  It can be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. 
B)  It was produced from pre-mRNA using reverse transcriptase. 
C)  It can be labelled and used as a probe to detect genes expressed in the brain. 
D)  It lacks the introns of the pre-mRNA.

Question 13

Which of the following methods would be most successful in attempting to introduce a particular piece of DNA into an animal cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  electroporation followed by recombination 
B)  introducing a plasmid into the cell 
C)  infecting the mouse cell with a Ti plasmid 
D)  transcription and translation 
A)  electroporation followed by recombination 
B)  introducing a plasmid into the cell 
C)  infecting the mouse cell with a Ti plasmid 
D)  transcription and translation

Question 14

Why is it so important to be able to amplify DNA fragments when studying genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Before amplification, DNA fragments are likely to bind to RNA and would no longer be able to be analysed. 
B)  A gene may represent only a millionth of the cell's DNA. 
C)  Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) cut DNA into fragments that are too small. 
D)  A clone requires multiple copies of each gene per clone. 
A)  Before amplification, DNA fragments are likely to bind to RNA and would no longer be able to be analysed. 
B)  A gene may represent only a millionth of the cell's DNA. 
C)  Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) cut DNA into fragments that are too small. 
D)  A clone requires multiple copies of each gene per clone.

Question 15

What is the most favourable characteristic of retroviruses that makes them useful in gene therapy applications?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retroviruses have an RNA genome. 
B)  Retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase. 
C)  DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell. 
D)  Retroviruses mutate often. 
A)  Retroviruses have an RNA genome. 
B)  Retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase. 
C)  DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell. 
D)  Retroviruses mutate often.

Question 16

Which of the following enzymes was used to produce the molecule of DNA in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  ligase 
B)  a restriction enzyme (endonuclease) 
C)  RNA polymerase 
D)  DNA polymerase 
A)  ligase 
B)  a restriction enzyme (endonuclease) 
C)  RNA polymerase 
D)  DNA polymerase

Question 17

The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why was this the case with this clone?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cloning was done poorly and it was likely that some contaminating cat DNA became part of Carbon Copy's genome. 
B)  Fur colour genes in cats is determined by differential acetylation patterns. 
C)  Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation. 
D)  X chromosome inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns. 
A)  The cloning was done poorly and it was likely that some contaminating cat DNA became part of Carbon Copy's genome. 
B)  Fur colour genes in cats is determined by differential acetylation patterns. 
C)  Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation. 
D)  X chromosome inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns.

Exam 20: Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Which of the following processes is most like the formation of identical twins?

In large scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, what types of genetic markers do researchers look for?

In recent times, it has been shown that adult cells can be induced to become pluripotent stem cells (iPS). To make this conversion, what has been done to the adult cells?

Which of the following statements describes one of the technical reasons why gene therapy is problematic in humans?

In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?

A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult cells from the same tissue. Which of the following findings is likely from this comparison?

Many identical copies of genes cloned in bacteria are produced as a result of which of the following processes?

In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used?

DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present?

Which of the following is not true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material?

Which of the following methods would be most successful in attempting to introduce a particular piece of DNA into an animal cell?

Why is it so important to be able to amplify DNA fragments when studying genes?

What is the most favourable characteristic of retroviruses that makes them useful in gene therapy applications?

Which of the following enzymes was used to produce the molecule of DNA in the figure?

The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why was this the case with this clone?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

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