Exam 1: The Science of Human Development

Define nature and nurture, and give an example of each. Also, describe the nature-nurture debate.

According to the ecological-systems approach, _____ are part of the larger social setting, such as cultural values, economic policies, and political processes.

In an experiment, the group receiving the special treatment is referred to as the "comparison group."

In the science of human development, nurture refers to _____ traits.

Friends Jill and Susan both experienced poverty as children. In addition, they were raised by single parents and attended poor-performing schools. By late adolescence, Jill had dropped out of school and had two children. Susan, in contrast, was academically ranked number one in her graduating class and had a full academic scholarship to Harvard. This example illustrates the concept of "differential sensitivity."

Scientific observation allows for the _____.

The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment reflects the _____.

Researchers who want to establish a causal relationship between two variables must use a research design called a(n) "_____."

A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether a particular drug would help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher was able to _____.

A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular development occurs more easily-but not exclusively-at a certain time.

As children age, they tend to sleep fewer hours. This relationship is an example of a(n) _____ correlation.

A hypothesis is a specific prediction that can be _____ by various research methods.

When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a(n) _____.

Each academic discipline and professional society involved in the study of human development has a _____, or a set of moral principles.

Although Tanner's friends do well in school, he is a low-achieving student. Tanner and his friends decide to meet once a week to study; soon, Tanner's grades start to improve. Within the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of Tanner's friends on his school performance illustrates the "_____."

The effects of climate, noise, population density, family size, and multiethnic communities illustrate that development is _____.

Cross-sequential, or cohort-sequential, research combines the cross-sectional design with the _____ design.

High school classmates are part of the same _____.

The combination of all environmental influences that affect an individual after conception is called "_____."

Culture refers to a system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, and expectations.