Exam 2: Theories of Development

According to evolutionary theory, why are so many people afraid of snakes?

A _____ is an explanation of facts and observations, or a set of concepts and ideas that organize the confusing mass of sensations that each of us encounters at every moment.

Sociocultural theory states that human development results from the dynamic interaction between a person's genes and his or her unconscious drives.

In operant conditioning, an individual follows a modeled behavior.

Theories undermine the development of hypotheses.

Erikson's stages emphasized _____, not sexual urges.

Vygotsky developed the concept of "_____," which is the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.

Each stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of development is characterized by a conflict associated with different parts of the body. According to Freud, how people experience and resolve each conflict influences personality _____.

_____ is a theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background.

_____ was developed to study observable behavior objectively and scientifically.

Mrs. Saxena is working with her toddler daughter, Arianna, on potty training. Each time Arianna uses the toilet, Mrs. Saxena lets her pick a small prize out of a treasure chest. Mrs. Saxena's strategy is consistent with the _____ perspective.

_____ was the most influential North American proponent of behaviorism.

Erikson's first _____ stages are closely related to Freud's stages.

When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one, he or she is exhibiting _____.

An explanation of facts and observations defined by a set of concepts and ideas that organize phenomena is called a "_____."

Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise without the presence of food provide an example of _____.

A _____ is an average or usual event or experience.

_____ theories have brought an understanding of intellectual processes and how our thoughts and beliefs affect every aspect of our development.

Dominique, age 14, dislikes school. Her parents were recently informed that Dominique has missed 12 days of school this quarter and has left school early on at least four occasions. Dominique's father has decided to drop his daughter off every morning and pick her up every afternoon to make sure she is attending school. Dominique is now attending school, but she has gotten into serious trouble on multiple occasions, leading to a five-day out-of-school suspension. Since Dominique dislikes school and prefers to skip rather than attend, the out-of-school suspension represents a _____.

Unlike Freud, Erikson _____.