Question 1

Modified leaflet tips of bullshorn acacia that provide a food source for ants are called ___________.

Accepted Answer

Beltian bodies

Question 2

A mutualistic relationship in which either species can survive without its partner is called a ______________ mutualism.

Accepted Answer

facultative

Question 3

Crabs and shrimp associated with corals protect their hosts from

Accepted Answer

A)  being dislodged from the substrate by currents. 
B)  predation by sea-stars. 
C)  predation by fishes. 
D)  attack by parasitic nematodes. 
E)  infection by pathogenic bacteria. 
A)  being dislodged from the substrate by currents. 
B)  predation by sea-stars. 
C)  predation by fishes. 
D)  attack by parasitic nematodes. 
E)  infection by pathogenic bacteria. B

Question 4

In experiments with the prairie grass Andropogon, root:shoot ratios proved to be

Accepted Answer

A)  higher in plants grown in poor soils. 
B)  lower in plants grown in poor soils. 
C)  equal in plants grown in poor and rich soils. 
D)  higher in plants grown with mycorrhizae. 
E)  equal in plants grown with and without mycorrhizae. 
A)  higher in plants grown in poor soils. 
B)  lower in plants grown in poor soils. 
C)  equal in plants grown in poor and rich soils. 
D)  higher in plants grown with mycorrhizae. 
E)  equal in plants grown with and without mycorrhizae.

Question 5

Soil fertilization should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are

Accepted Answer

A)  less aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts. 
B)  more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts. 
C)  more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from soils. 
D)  more efficient at extracting sugars from soils. 
E)  more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from plant root exudates. 
A)  less aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts. 
B)  more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts. 
C)  more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from soils. 
D)  more efficient at extracting sugars from soils. 
E)  more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from plant root exudates.

Question 6

The major benefit obtained by aspen sunflower, Helianthella quinquenervis, from its ant mutualists is

Accepted Answer

A)  reduced losses of seeds to seed predators. 
B)  reduced loss of leaf tissue to herbivorous insects. 
C)  more efficient extraction of soil nutrients. 
D)  more rapid growth early in the growing season. 
E)  improved attraction of pollinators. 
A)  reduced losses of seeds to seed predators. 
B)  reduced loss of leaf tissue to herbivorous insects. 
C)  more efficient extraction of soil nutrients. 
D)  more rapid growth early in the growing season. 
E)  improved attraction of pollinators.

Question 7

_____________ mutualism describes a relationship where species are so dependent on their mutualistic relationship they cannot live in its absence.

Accepted Answer

A)  Obligate 
B)  Critical 
C)  Facultative 
D)  Dispensable 
E)  Essential 
A)  Obligate 
B)  Critical 
C)  Facultative 
D)  Dispensable 
E)  Essential

Question 8

An interaction between individuals of different species that benefit both partners is called

Accepted Answer

A)  commensalism. 
B)  predation. 
C)  exploitation. 
D)  mutualism. 
E)  ammensalism. 
A)  commensalism. 
B)  predation. 
C)  exploitation. 
D)  mutualism. 
E)  ammensalism.

Question 9

Mycorrhizal fungi (directly) help their plant partners acquire

Accepted Answer

A)  sugars. 
B)  sunlight. 
C)  seed dispersal. 
D)  soil nutrients. 
E)  pollination. 
A)  sugars. 
B)  sunlight. 
C)  seed dispersal. 
D)  soil nutrients. 
E)  pollination.

Question 10

Which aspects of the biology of zooxanthellae are controlled by their coral hosts?

Accepted Answer

A)  their cell wall chemistry 
B)  their population growth rate when free-living 
C)  the release of photosynthetic products from their cells 
D)  the rate at which they absorb sugars from their hosts 
E)  their mortality rate 
A)  their cell wall chemistry 
B)  their population growth rate when free-living 
C)  the release of photosynthetic products from their cells 
D)  the rate at which they absorb sugars from their hosts 
E)  their mortality rate

Question 11

Which of the following results, from research conducted by Nancy Johnson on big blue stem grass, suggested that mycorrhizal plants had greater access to nutrients?

Accepted Answer

A)  root:shoot ratios were significantly lower in plants with mycorrhizae 
B)  root:shoot ratios were significantly higher in plants with mycorrhizae 
C)  root:shoot ratios were equal in plants with and without mycorrhizae 
D)  root:shoot ratios were highest in treatments without nitrogen supplements 
E)  root:shoot ratios were lowest in the treatment with nitrogen supplements 
A)  root:shoot ratios were significantly lower in plants with mycorrhizae 
B)  root:shoot ratios were significantly higher in plants with mycorrhizae 
C)  root:shoot ratios were equal in plants with and without mycorrhizae 
D)  root:shoot ratios were highest in treatments without nitrogen supplements 
E)  root:shoot ratios were lowest in the treatment with nitrogen supplements

Question 12

The interaction between honeyguide birds and the Boran people of Kenya

Accepted Answer

A)  is an obligate mutualism. 
B)  is a facultative mutualism. 
C)  is exploitative, with humans benefiting but honeyguides exploited. 
D)  represents the only way a honeyguide can gain access to a beehive. 
E)  depends only on humans following birds, not on active communication by the birds. 
A)  is an obligate mutualism. 
B)  is a facultative mutualism. 
C)  is exploitative, with humans benefiting but honeyguides exploited. 
D)  represents the only way a honeyguide can gain access to a beehive. 
E)  depends only on humans following birds, not on active communication by the birds.

Question 13

Ant-acacia trees provide several services to their mutualistic ant partners. These include

Accepted Answer

A)  enlarged thorns to host ant colonies. 
B)  nectar from foliar nectaries. 
C)  nectar from floral nectaries. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  Both enlarged thorns to host ant colonies and nectar from foliar nectaries. 
A)  enlarged thorns to host ant colonies. 
B)  nectar from foliar nectaries. 
C)  nectar from floral nectaries. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  Both enlarged thorns to host ant colonies and nectar from foliar nectaries.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true regarding the control of coral over zooxanthellae?

Accepted Answer

A)  Coral induces zooxanthellae to release organic compounds. 
B)  Coral controls the rate of zooxanthellae population growth. 
C)  Coral controls the population density of zooxanthellae. 
D)  Coral promotes unbalanced growth in zooxanthellae. 
E)  All of the choices are true. 
A)  Coral induces zooxanthellae to release organic compounds. 
B)  Coral controls the rate of zooxanthellae population growth. 
C)  Coral controls the population density of zooxanthellae. 
D)  Coral promotes unbalanced growth in zooxanthellae. 
E)  All of the choices are true.

Question 15

Which of the following organisms are dependent on mutualisms for their persistence?

Accepted Answer

A)  reef-building corals 
B)  bioluminescent fishes 
C)  bumblebees and hummingbirds 
D)  horses, elephants, and camels 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  reef-building corals 
B)  bioluminescent fishes 
C)  bumblebees and hummingbirds 
D)  horses, elephants, and camels 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

Nutrient poor soils should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are

Accepted Answer

A)  less aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant host. 
B)  more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant host. 
C)  more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from soil. 
D)  more efficient at extracting sugars from soil. 
E)  more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from plant root exudates. 
A)  less aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant host. 
B)  more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant host. 
C)  more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from soil. 
D)  more efficient at extracting sugars from soil. 
E)  more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from plant root exudates.

Question 17

The presence of ant mutualists on bullshorn acacia reduces herbivore attack and increases acacia growth rate, but has little effect on acacia mortality rate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Mycorrhizal fungi acquire _________ from their plant partners.

Accepted Answer

A)  sugars 
B)  soil nutrients 
C)  proteins and lipids 
D)  growth hormones 
E)  protection from consumers 
A)  sugars 
B)  soil nutrients 
C)  proteins and lipids 
D)  growth hormones 
E)  protection from consumers

Question 19

In Kathleen Keeler's cost-benefit model of mutualism, the condition for persistence of mutualists is pwmw + qwmu > wnm. The parameters p and q represent the

Accepted Answer

A)  cost and benefit of the mutualism. 
B)  fitness of successful and unsuccessful mutualists. 
C)  frequency of "mutualist" and "nonmutualist" alleles in the population. 
D)  proportion of successful and unsuccessful mutualists in the population. 
E)  amount of herbivore protection provided by ant and non-ant defenses. 
A)  cost and benefit of the mutualism. 
B)  fitness of successful and unsuccessful mutualists. 
C)  frequency of "mutualist" and "nonmutualist" alleles in the population. 
D)  proportion of successful and unsuccessful mutualists in the population. 
E)  amount of herbivore protection provided by ant and non-ant defenses.

Question 20

The two most common types of mycorrhizal fungi are ___________ and ____________.

Accepted Answer

arbuscular

Exam 15: Mutualism

Modified leaflet tips of bullshorn acacia that provide a food source for ants are called ___________.

A mutualistic relationship in which either species can survive without its partner is called a ______________ mutualism.

Crabs and shrimp associated with corals protect their hosts from

In experiments with the prairie grass Andropogon, root:shoot ratios proved to be

Soil fertilization should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are

The major benefit obtained by aspen sunflower, Helianthella quinquenervis, from its ant mutualists is

_____________ mutualism describes a relationship where species are so dependent on their mutualistic relationship they cannot live in its absence.

An interaction between individuals of different species that benefit both partners is called

Mycorrhizal fungi (directly) help their plant partners acquire

Which aspects of the biology of zooxanthellae are controlled by their coral hosts?

Which of the following results, from research conducted by Nancy Johnson on big blue stem grass, suggested that mycorrhizal plants had greater access to nutrients?

The interaction between honeyguide birds and the Boran people of Kenya

Ant-acacia trees provide several services to their mutualistic ant partners. These include

Which of the following statements is true regarding the control of coral over zooxanthellae?

Which of the following organisms are dependent on mutualisms for their persistence?

Nutrient poor soils should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are

The presence of ant mutualists on bullshorn acacia reduces herbivore attack and increases acacia growth rate, but has little effect on acacia mortality rate.

Mycorrhizal fungi acquire _________ from their plant partners.

In Kathleen Keeler's cost-benefit model of mutualism, the condition for persistence of mutualists is pwmw + qwmu > wnm. The parameters p and q represent the

The two most common types of mycorrhizal fungi are ___________ and ____________.

Introduction to Ecology Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Socail Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Landscape Ecology

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

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In Kathleen Keeler's cost-benefit model of mutualism, the condition for persistence of mutualists is pw_mw + qw_mu > w_nm. The parameters p and q represent the

The two most common types of mycorrhizal fungi are _ and __.