Question 1

Stereotype threat refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the poor performance on IQ tests by members of certain groups. 
B)  the fear that a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group's abilities. 
C)  the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes, and the ability to monitor and control those processes. 
D)  the stereotype that minorities are less intelligent than others. 
A)  the poor performance on IQ tests by members of certain groups. 
B)  the fear that a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group's abilities. 
C)  the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes, and the ability to monitor and control those processes. 
D)  the stereotype that minorities are less intelligent than others.

Question 2

Research on overcoming our cognitive biases shows that people tend to be equally irrational in all
situations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Distinguish between formal and informal reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 4

________ is a state of tension that occurs when you hold either two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent with one another, or a belief that is incongruent with your behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  Dissonance 
B)  Consonance 
C)  A mental set 
D)  Hindsight bias 
A)  Dissonance 
B)  Consonance 
C)  A mental set 
D)  Hindsight bias

Question 5

The ________ is the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

Accepted Answer

A)  availability heuristic 
B)  affect heuristic 
C)  hindsight bias 
D)  framing effect 
A)  availability heuristic 
B)  affect heuristic 
C)  hindsight bias 
D)  framing effect

Question 6

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  a mental set. 
B)  confirmation bias. 
C)  stereotype threat. 
D)  mindlessness. 
A)  a mental set. 
B)  confirmation bias. 
C)  stereotype threat. 
D)  mindlessness.

Question 7

One of the longest-running psychological studies ever conducted was begun by Lewis Terman in 1921 in order to learn about children who scored in the top one percent of the IQ distribution. As they reached adulthood, some of these "Termites," as they were called, fulfilled their early promise, but others did not. Analyze the differences between those who were successful and those who were not.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 8

Comparisons of attitudes and performance with regard to math tests in Asia and the U.S. showed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  although the attitudes toward intellectual success were similar among Asian children and American children, their actual performance on tests differed markedly. 
B)  only 10 percent of the American children had scores as low on computations and word problems as the average Asian child. 
C)  only 4 percent of the Chinese children and 10 percent of the Japanese children had scores as low as the average American child. 
D)  although the performance of Asian children and American children is similar, attitudes toward intellectual success differed markedly. 
A)  although the attitudes toward intellectual success were similar among Asian children and American children, their actual performance on tests differed markedly. 
B)  only 10 percent of the American children had scores as low on computations and word problems as the average Asian child. 
C)  only 4 percent of the Chinese children and 10 percent of the Japanese children had scores as low as the average American child. 
D)  although the performance of Asian children and American children is similar, attitudes toward intellectual success differed markedly.

Question 9

Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to believe that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the secret to doing well in mathematics is working hard. 
B)  mathematical ability is innate and either you have it or you don't. 
C)  lower standards are acceptable because children need time for exercise and play. 
D)  small classes and high-technology resources are imperative for a quality education. 
A)  the secret to doing well in mathematics is working hard. 
B)  mathematical ability is innate and either you have it or you don't. 
C)  lower standards are acceptable because children need time for exercise and play. 
D)  small classes and high-technology resources are imperative for a quality education.

Question 10

Logan understands the concepts in his statistics class. However, during tests, he spends the entire time on the most difficult problems and never gets to the problems that he can solve easily. Logan's inability to adapt his strategy to the testing situation indicates that he has low:

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional intelligence 
B)  contextual intelligence. 
C)  cognitive dissonance. 
D)  justification of effort. 
A)  emotional intelligence 
B)  contextual intelligence. 
C)  cognitive dissonance. 
D)  justification of effort.

Question 11

The tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  postdecision dissonance 
B)  a mental set 
C)  justification of effort 
D)  hindsight bias 
A)  postdecision dissonance 
B)  a mental set 
C)  justification of effort 
D)  hindsight bias

Question 12

Differences between the performances of Asian and American children on mathematics tests can be accounted for by educational resources.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

When Howie's previous girlfriend used to get upset with him, he could smooth things over by buying flowers or chocolates for her. He keeps trying this strategy with his current girlfriend, but she gets angry with him each time. It appears that Howie has developed a _______________, which is interfering with the development of a new relationship strategy.

Accepted Answer

A)  mental set 
B)  fairness bias 
C)  hindsight bias 
D)  confirmation bias 
A)  mental set 
B)  fairness bias 
C)  hindsight bias 
D)  confirmation bias

Question 14

Animals solve problems in ways that fascinate us. Describe the research that has led some researchers to conclude that animals can think, including in your essay information regarding:
-The chimpanzees studied by Wolfgang Kohler;
-Kanzi, the bonobo who uses a computer keyboard;
-Alex, the African gray parrot who vocalized English words.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 15

David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in order to produce:

Accepted Answer

A)  a componential IQ score, an experiential IQ score, and a contextual IQ score. 
B)  a general IQ score and also separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory. 
C)  a measure of a child's mental age. 
D)  a culture-free IQ score and a general knowledge IQ score. 
A)  a componential IQ score, an experiential IQ score, and a contextual IQ score. 
B)  a general IQ score and also separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory. 
C)  a measure of a child's mental age. 
D)  a culture-free IQ score and a general knowledge IQ score.

Question 16

________ refers to the cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over time.

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluid intelligence 
B)  Working memory 
C)  Crystallized intelligence 
D)  Metacognition 
A)  Fluid intelligence 
B)  Working memory 
C)  Crystallized intelligence 
D)  Metacognition

Question 17

What goals do cognitive theories of intelligence have that psychometric theories do not?

Accepted Answer

to understand people's strateg

Question 18

Critics have argued that intelligence tests favor some groups over others. For example, one test item required that children identify the composer of the Emperor Concerto! In response, test makers tried to design tests that are that were unaffected by culture. Discuss two reasons for disappointing results in regard to both of these approaches.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 19

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.

Accepted Answer

A)  mental set 
B)  prototype 
C)  basic concept 
D)  algorithm 
A)  mental set 
B)  prototype 
C)  basic concept 
D)  algorithm

Question 20

In the early 1900s, at the request of the French Ministry of Education, Alfred Binet constructed a testing instrument that eventually became the first widely used intelligence test. For what purpose was the test developed?

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Stereotype threat refers to:

Research on overcoming our cognitive biases shows that people tend to be equally irrational in all situations.

Distinguish between formal and informal reasoning.

________ is a state of tension that occurs when you hold either two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent with one another, or a belief that is incongruent with your behavior.

The ________ is the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called:

Comparisons of attitudes and performance with regard to math tests in Asia and the U.S. showed that:

Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to believe that:

Logan understands the concepts in his statistics class. However, during tests, he spends the entire time on the most difficult problems and never gets to the problems that he can solve easily. Logan's inability to adapt his strategy to the testing situation indicates that he has low:

The tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision is known as ________.

Differences between the performances of Asian and American children on mathematics tests can be accounted for by educational resources.

David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in order to produce:

________ refers to the cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over time.

What goals do cognitive theories of intelligence have that psychometric theories do not?

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.

In the early 1900s, at the request of the French Ministry of Education, Alfred Binet constructed a testing instrument that eventually became the first widely used intelligence test. For what purpose was the test developed?

What Is Psychology

How Psychologists Do Research

Genes, Evolution, and Environment

The Brain and Nervous System

Body Rhythms and Mental States

Sensation and Perception

Learning and Conditioning

Behavior in Social and Cultural Context

Memory

Emotion, Stress, and Health

Motivation

Development Over the Life Span

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy

Filters

Exam 9: Thinking and Intelligence

Stereotype threat refers to:

Research on overcoming our cognitive biases shows that people tend to be equally irrational in all situations.

Distinguish between formal and informal reasoning.

________ is a state of tension that occurs when you hold either two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent with one another, or a belief that is incongruent with your behavior.

The ________ is the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains.

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called:

Comparisons of attitudes and performance with regard to math tests in Asia and the U.S. showed that:

Japanese school teachers and students are more likely than their American counterparts to believe that:

Logan understands the concepts in his statistics class. However, during tests, he spends the entire time on the most difficult problems and never gets to the problems that he can solve easily. Logan's inability to adapt his strategy to the testing situation indicates that he has low:

The tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision is known as ________.

Differences between the performances of Asian and American children on mathematics tests can be accounted for by educational resources.

David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in order to produce:

________ refers to the cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over time.

What goals do cognitive theories of intelligence have that psychometric theories do not?

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.

In the early 1900s, at the request of the French Ministry of Education, Alfred Binet constructed a testing instrument that eventually became the first widely used intelligence test. For what purpose was the test developed?

What Is Psychology

How Psychologists Do Research

Genes, Evolution, and Environment

The Brain and Nervous System

Body Rhythms and Mental States

Sensation and Perception

Learning and Conditioning

Behavior in Social and Cultural Context

Memory

Emotion, Stress, and Health

Motivation

Development Over the Life Span

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy

Filters