Exam 9: Thinking and Intelligence

When using the availability heuristic, people tend to judge the probability of an event based on:

________ is the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain.

Critics have argued that intelligence tests favor some groups over others. For example, one test item required that children identify the composer of the Emperor Concerto! In response, test makers tried to design tests that are that were unaffected by culture. Discuss two reasons for disappointing results in regard to both of these approaches.

Research on the Ultimatum Game shows that people usually act out of rational self-interest.

Which of the following abilities have primates demonstrated, either in the natural environment or the laboratory? a. the use of objects as simple tools b. the summing of quantities c. the use of symbols to make requests d. an understanding of short English sentences

People have reported visual and auditory mental images, but mental images do not occur in other sensory modalities.

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a:

In a study discussed in your textbook, researchers studied the reactions of people who were about to use a photocopier when a researcher approached and asked to be allowed to use it first. One of three different requests was made: -"Excuse me; may I use the Xerox machine?" -"Excuse me; may I use the Xerox machine, because I have to make copies?" -"Excuse me; may I use the Xerox machine, because I'm in a rush?" How did the individuals typically respond to these requests? How were these results interpreted in our textbook?

When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, step on the accelerator, and still manage to turn the car! After driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic. Now, when he drives a car:

Many people report mental images in the sensory modalities of smell, touch, taste, and pain.

Harriet purchases a cupboard for her kitchen. She assembles the cupboard by following a series of steps illustrated in the instruction manual. Which type of problem-solving strategy has Harriet adopted?

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called:

Investigations of animal behaviors indicate that:

As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress, Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song, "Just Whistle While You Work!" This would be an example of a(n):

Yvonne is arguing with Henrietta about whether real estate is a better investment than stocks. "You can't convince me," says Yvonne. "I just know I'm right." Yvonne needs training in ___________ reasoning.

In formal reasoning problems, the information needed for reaching a solution is specified clearly and there is a single right answer.

Seymour thinks the media have a liberal political bias, and Sophie thinks they are too conservative. "Well," says Seymour, "I have my truth and you have yours. It's purely subjective." Which of King and Kitchener's stages of thinking describes Seymour's statement?

_____________ is usually the best approach to problems that have several possible answers that vary in quality.

A heuristic is a rule of thumb that guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution.

________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.