Exam 9: Language and Thinking

A person who engages in "top-down" processing and reasons from general principles to conclusions about a particular case is involved in deductive reasoning.

Given the choice,most people would rather receive information about themselves that validates their ideas about who they are,and they would rather avoid information that contradicts their self-beliefs.This tendency demonstrates an example of:

All of the following were discussed as factors that can interfere with the correct application of deductive reasoning EXCEPT:

Which of the following would be best considered an example of the imaginal mode of thought?

To consistently solve a certain type of problem correctly,it is advantageous to use a(n)____________.

When the availability heuristic leads us astray,it is assumed that this happens because we confuse how readily something comes to mind from memory with:

Which of the following does NOT aid students in judging metacomprehension and enhancing academic performance?

When psychologists first build a theory,it is often based on a few observations of cases from the real world.This is what John Darley and Bibb Latané did when they initially based their theory of diffusion of responsibility on the murder of Kitty Genovese.In cases like these,psychologists are involved in the process of ___________ reasoning.

The term syntax refers to the rules that govern the organization of the surface structure of a language,while the rules that determine how symbols are connected to what they represent are referred to as ______________.

A friend is trying to solve a problem and you have an idea about how to solve it.You translate your idea into words and tell the person your idea for solving the problem.You have transferred your idea from your mind to your friend's mind.In this example,your idea is considered an example of:

One morning,John decides to have oatmeal for breakfast,and he later performs very well on a math test that he takes that day.He doesn't think too much about this until a few weeks later when he does very well on an English test and recalls that he had oatmeal for breakfast before that test too.He concludes that eating oatmeal in the morning helps him perform better on exams.This example best demonstrates:

The number of phonemes in the English language is about:

Based on research in communication,which of the following is evidence disputing the position that animals exhibit true language?

You are hungry and would like something to eat.You decide to look through the pantry and you see a box of macaroni and cheese that looks good.Without really thinking about it,you know how to do all the various steps involved in making this meal,such as filling a pot with water,boiling the water,cooking the pasta,mixing in the cheese sauce,and finding a plate on which to put the finished meal.This type of specialized knowledge is best considered to be an example of:

In every language,there are rules that determine how phonemes can be combined to create morphemes.These rules are called:

Anna and her family moved to Germany when Anna was thirteen years old and her brother Andrew was four.Even after many years of speaking and reading the German language,Anna still struggled with the language compared to Andrew who easily switches between English and German when necessary.The fact that Andrew was able to master this second language faster and better than Anna is evidence for:

Many researchers believe that mental images,while not literally pictures in the mind,function in ways analogous to actual visual images.How does the research by Shepard and Metzler on mental rotation apply to this idea?

Rosch studied the Dani people from New Guinea who had only two words for colour: one for bright colours and one for dark colours.Her results revealed that the Dani were capable of distinguishing the difference between a wide assortment of colours,providing evidence that contradicted ____________.

"The Crow and the Trains" problem was presented to demonstrate the importance of framing a problem correctly.

The prefix "un" in the word "unusual" is an example of a: