Question 1

What stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

A)  citric acid cycle 
B)  glycolysis 
C)  electron transport 
D)  fermentation 
E)  Krebs cycle 
A)  citric acid cycle 
B)  glycolysis 
C)  electron transport 
D)  fermentation 
E)  Krebs cycle

Question 2

Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited only from mothers and not fathers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sperm mitochondria fuse into the mother's egg but disintegrate soon after. 
B)  Sperm cells do not need mitochondria for their function and so have none. 
C)  Sperm do not contribute their mitochondria to the zygote during fertilization. 
D)  Mitochondria of sperm are defective and not functional due to mutation. 
E)  Males do not have mitochondrial DNA in any of their cells,including sperm. 
A)  Sperm mitochondria fuse into the mother's egg but disintegrate soon after. 
B)  Sperm cells do not need mitochondria for their function and so have none. 
C)  Sperm do not contribute their mitochondria to the zygote during fertilization. 
D)  Mitochondria of sperm are defective and not functional due to mutation. 
E)  Males do not have mitochondrial DNA in any of their cells,including sperm.

Question 3

What may happen when a mutation changes the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  Messenger RNA may no longer be transcribed because codons change. 
B)  The protein may be considered a new allele,or variant form,of the gene. 
C)  Messenger RNA may identify altered proteins and remove them from the cell. 
D)  The protein may become less effective,more effective,or altogether nonfunctional. 
E)  Error detection mechanisms in the nucleus may remove the altered DNA. 
A)  Messenger RNA may no longer be transcribed because codons change. 
B)  The protein may be considered a new allele,or variant form,of the gene. 
C)  Messenger RNA may identify altered proteins and remove them from the cell. 
D)  The protein may become less effective,more effective,or altogether nonfunctional. 
E)  Error detection mechanisms in the nucleus may remove the altered DNA.

Question 4

How is a carbon footprint different from an ecological footprint?

Accepted Answer

A)  A carbon footprint estimates the atmospheric carbon dioxide generated by a specific lifestyle,whereas an ecological footprint estimates the volume of water needed to support a specific lifestyle. 
B)  A carbon footprint estimates the volume of carbon an individual consumes and digests,whereas an ecological footprint estimates individual impact on the ecosystem at large. 
C)  A carbon footprint estimates the volume of biomass needed to support a specific lifestyle,whereas an ecological footprint estimates the land area needed to support a specific lifestyle. 
D)  A carbon footprint estimates the atmospheric carbon dioxide that results from a specific lifestyle,whereas an ecological footprint estimates the land area needed to support a specific lifestyle. 
E)  A carbon footprint estimates the volume of fossil fuel needed to support a specific lifestyle,whereas an ecological footprint estimates individual impact on future climate change. 
A)  A carbon footprint estimates the atmospheric carbon dioxide generated by a specific lifestyle,whereas an ecological footprint estimates the volume of water needed to support a specific lifestyle. 
B)  A carbon footprint estimates the volume of carbon an individual consumes and digests,whereas an ecological footprint estimates individual impact on the ecosystem at large. 
C)  A carbon footprint estimates the volume of biomass needed to support a specific lifestyle,whereas an ecological footprint estimates the land area needed to support a specific lifestyle. 
D)  A carbon footprint estimates the atmospheric carbon dioxide that results from a specific lifestyle,whereas an ecological footprint estimates the land area needed to support a specific lifestyle. 
E)  A carbon footprint estimates the volume of fossil fuel needed to support a specific lifestyle,whereas an ecological footprint estimates individual impact on future climate change.

Question 5

Why do African populations have more genetic diversity than populations elsewhere in the world?

Accepted Answer

A)  African populations experience genetic mutations at a higher rate than other populations. 
B)  African populations have nuclear DNA that undergoes recombination at a higher rate than other populations. 
C)  African populations were isolated from other populations for tens of thousands of years. 
D)  African populations are older than other populations and have had more time to accumulate mutations. 
E)  African populations have mtDNA that is more susceptible to mutations compared to other populations. 
A)  African populations experience genetic mutations at a higher rate than other populations. 
B)  African populations have nuclear DNA that undergoes recombination at a higher rate than other populations. 
C)  African populations were isolated from other populations for tens of thousands of years. 
D)  African populations are older than other populations and have had more time to accumulate mutations. 
E)  African populations have mtDNA that is more susceptible to mutations compared to other populations.

Question 6

How is mtDNA used to trace lineages?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mutations in mtDNA can be used to track lines of ancestry through males back thousands of generations. 
B)  The absence or presence of mtDNA can be used to group people into one of two lineages that descended from Mitochondrial Eve. 
C)  Each of the seven types of mtDNA can be identified and tracked back to one of Earth's seven main landmasses. 
D)  Differences in mtDNA can be used to group people into lineages and determine how long ago they shared a common ancestor. 
E)  The varying number of genes on mtDNA can be used to determine lineages and trace the lineages back to a shared ancestor. 
A)  Mutations in mtDNA can be used to track lines of ancestry through males back thousands of generations. 
B)  The absence or presence of mtDNA can be used to group people into one of two lineages that descended from Mitochondrial Eve. 
C)  Each of the seven types of mtDNA can be identified and tracked back to one of Earth's seven main landmasses. 
D)  Differences in mtDNA can be used to group people into lineages and determine how long ago they shared a common ancestor. 
E)  The varying number of genes on mtDNA can be used to determine lineages and trace the lineages back to a shared ancestor.

Question 7

What steps are involved in modifying plant genomes with bacterial genes.Select the TWO statements that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  A bacterial gene is labeled with specific methyl groups and inserted into plant cells,along with recombinant DNA that recognizes the labels. 
B)  A bacterial gene is excised from a bacterial genome and inserted into circular,recombinant DNA. 
C)  A bacterial genome is digested and inserted into plant cells,along with recombinant DNA and primers. 
D)  Recombinant DNA containing a bacterial gene is inserted into plant cells,where it incorporates the bacterial gene into the plant genome. 
E)  The amplified bacterial gene is inserted into plant cells,where plant recombinant DNA incorporates it into the plant genome. 
A)  A bacterial gene is labeled with specific methyl groups and inserted into plant cells,along with recombinant DNA that recognizes the labels. 
B)  A bacterial gene is excised from a bacterial genome and inserted into circular,recombinant DNA. 
C)  A bacterial genome is digested and inserted into plant cells,along with recombinant DNA and primers. 
D)  Recombinant DNA containing a bacterial gene is inserted into plant cells,where it incorporates the bacterial gene into the plant genome. 
E)  The amplified bacterial gene is inserted into plant cells,where plant recombinant DNA incorporates it into the plant genome.

Question 8

What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  send information from the spinal cord to the CNS 
B)  relay signals from the CNS to muscles and organs 
C)  support and nourish the brain and spinal cord 
D)  insulate nerves for better conduction of signals 
E)  transmit information from the limbs and organs to the CNS 
A)  send information from the spinal cord to the CNS 
B)  relay signals from the CNS to muscles and organs 
C)  support and nourish the brain and spinal cord 
D)  insulate nerves for better conduction of signals 
E)  transmit information from the limbs and organs to the CNS

Question 9

Researchers create a transgenic organism by inserting a gene from algae into corn.How do researchers make the algae gene function in corn?

Accepted Answer

A)  A regulatory sequence from corn DNA is joined to the coding sequence of the algae gene,and the resulting recombinant gene is inserted into the DNA of the corn. 
B)  The algae gene is modified by joining it to an active corn gene using enzymes,and the resulting recombinant gene is incorporated into corn DNA. 
C)  The chromosome containing the algae gene of interest is inserted into the nucleus of host corn cells where it is taken up into the corn chromosomes. 
D)  The algae gene is incorporated into the corn DNA and then stimulated for expression through treatment with a chemical that activates protein synthesis. 
E)  The regulatory and coding sequences of the algae gene are inserted into the corn gene,and specialized enzymes begin translation. 
A)  A regulatory sequence from corn DNA is joined to the coding sequence of the algae gene,and the resulting recombinant gene is inserted into the DNA of the corn. 
B)  The algae gene is modified by joining it to an active corn gene using enzymes,and the resulting recombinant gene is incorporated into corn DNA. 
C)  The chromosome containing the algae gene of interest is inserted into the nucleus of host corn cells where it is taken up into the corn chromosomes. 
D)  The algae gene is incorporated into the corn DNA and then stimulated for expression through treatment with a chemical that activates protein synthesis. 
E)  The regulatory and coding sequences of the algae gene are inserted into the corn gene,and specialized enzymes begin translation.

Question 10

What is a memory cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  a phagocyte that binds to a specific antigen and engulfs the cell with that antigen 
B)  a plasma cell that releases large amounts of a specific antibody into the bloodstream 
C)  a B cell that binds to antigens that are structurally different from the initial antigen 
D)  a T cell that supplies B cells with antibodies that match an antigen from a previous infection 
E)  a lymphocyte that recognizes a specific antigen long after initial exposure to the pathogen 
A)  a phagocyte that binds to a specific antigen and engulfs the cell with that antigen 
B)  a plasma cell that releases large amounts of a specific antibody into the bloodstream 
C)  a B cell that binds to antigens that are structurally different from the initial antigen 
D)  a T cell that supplies B cells with antibodies that match an antigen from a previous infection 
E)  a lymphocyte that recognizes a specific antigen long after initial exposure to the pathogen

Question 11

Select the statements that best describe how nucleotides pair with one another in a DNA molecule.Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  Nucleotides pair with each other to form the backbone of a single DNA strand. 
B)  Adenine pairs with thymine,and guanine pairs with cytosine. 
C)  Adenine pairs with guanine,and thymine pairs with cytosine. 
D)  Nucleotides pair with each other,joining two strands of DNA by covalent bonding. 
E)  Nucleotides pair with each other,joining two strands of DNA by hydrogen bonding. 
A)  Nucleotides pair with each other to form the backbone of a single DNA strand. 
B)  Adenine pairs with thymine,and guanine pairs with cytosine. 
C)  Adenine pairs with guanine,and thymine pairs with cytosine. 
D)  Nucleotides pair with each other,joining two strands of DNA by covalent bonding. 
E)  Nucleotides pair with each other,joining two strands of DNA by hydrogen bonding.

Question 12

What kind of inheritance occurs if red flowers crossed with white flowers produce offspring with red patches and white patches on their flower petals?

Accepted Answer

A)  incomplete dominance 
B)  X-linked 
C)  recessive 
D)  dominant 
E)  codominance 
A)  incomplete dominance 
B)  X-linked 
C)  recessive 
D)  dominant 
E)  codominance

Question 13

How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  23 
B)  92 
C)  36 
D)  46 
E)  72 
A)  23 
B)  92 
C)  36 
D)  46 
E)  72

Question 14

Which properties does uranium-238 have? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  Its half-life is 4.5 billion years. 
B)  Its half-life is 2.0 billion years. 
C)  It can date organic samples that are thousands of years old. 
D)  It is a radioactive isotope that decays to nonradioactive argon-40. 
E)  It is a radioactive isotope that decays in a predictable fashion. 
A)  Its half-life is 4.5 billion years. 
B)  Its half-life is 2.0 billion years. 
C)  It can date organic samples that are thousands of years old. 
D)  It is a radioactive isotope that decays to nonradioactive argon-40. 
E)  It is a radioactive isotope that decays in a predictable fashion.

Question 15

What human activity consumes the greatest amount of fresh water?

Accepted Answer

A)  oil refining 
B)  agriculture 
C)  mining 
D)  manufacturing 
E)  recreation 
A)  oil refining 
B)  agriculture 
C)  mining 
D)  manufacturing 
E)  recreation

Question 16

Based on the information in the video,what steps can humans take to protect other species from the negative effects of human population growth?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase our collective carbon footprint to increase climate change. 
B)  Compete for resources so that existing species grow heartier through adaptation. 
C)  Protect habitat areas of or establish reserves for wildlife populations. 
D)  Introduce new species into areas of the world they have never lived. 
E)  Regulate hunting and fishing so as not to deplete wildlife populations. 
A)  Increase our collective carbon footprint to increase climate change. 
B)  Compete for resources so that existing species grow heartier through adaptation. 
C)  Protect habitat areas of or establish reserves for wildlife populations. 
D)  Introduce new species into areas of the world they have never lived. 
E)  Regulate hunting and fishing so as not to deplete wildlife populations.

Question 17

Select the statements that describe relationships between UV light,melanin,folate,and vitamin D.Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  High levels of UV light select for a decrease in melanin. 
B)  Vitamin D production is promoted with higher melanin levels. 
C)  Melanin in the skin shields folate from destruction by sunlight. 
D)  UV light is necessary for the production of vitamin D. 
E)  The absorption of UV light protects folate from destruction. 
A)  High levels of UV light select for a decrease in melanin. 
B)  Vitamin D production is promoted with higher melanin levels. 
C)  Melanin in the skin shields folate from destruction by sunlight. 
D)  UV light is necessary for the production of vitamin D. 
E)  The absorption of UV light protects folate from destruction.

Question 18

What do the branches and nodes in a phylogenetic tree show? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  Taken together,branches and nodes describe Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium among modern taxa. 
B)  A branch represents the common ancestor of adjacent nodes,and a node represents a modern taxon. 
C)  Taken together,branches and nodes describe the ancestral relationships among modern taxa. 
D)  A branch represents a single evolutionary lineage over time,and a node represents a common ancestor to all branches that follow it. 
E)  A branch represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms,and a node represents the common ancestor of an entire phylogeny. 
A)  Taken together,branches and nodes describe Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium among modern taxa. 
B)  A branch represents the common ancestor of adjacent nodes,and a node represents a modern taxon. 
C)  Taken together,branches and nodes describe the ancestral relationships among modern taxa. 
D)  A branch represents a single evolutionary lineage over time,and a node represents a common ancestor to all branches that follow it. 
E)  A branch represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms,and a node represents the common ancestor of an entire phylogeny.

Question 19

What adaptations do some non-succulent plants have that minimize water loss during photosynthesis? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  They can close their stomata when the temperature gets too warm. 
B)  Some can carry out photosynthesis without using water or carbon dioxide. 
C)  Some have pigments that allow them to photosynthesize at night. 
D)  Some use special enzymes to harvest carbon dioxide trapped in leaves with closed stomata. 
E)  They can absorb carbon dioxide and water through their roots when their stomata are closed. 
A)  They can close their stomata when the temperature gets too warm. 
B)  Some can carry out photosynthesis without using water or carbon dioxide. 
C)  Some have pigments that allow them to photosynthesize at night. 
D)  Some use special enzymes to harvest carbon dioxide trapped in leaves with closed stomata. 
E)  They can absorb carbon dioxide and water through their roots when their stomata are closed.

Question 20

What conditions do the extremophile Sulfolobus acidicaldonious survive under? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  low pressure 
B)  low oxygen 
C)  high acidity 
D)  high temperature 
E)  high alkalinity 
A)  low pressure 
B)  low oxygen 
C)  high acidity 
D)  high temperature 
E)  high alkalinity

Exam 33: A Range of Biology

What stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?

Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited only from mothers and not fathers?

What may happen when a mutation changes the amino acid sequence of a protein?

How is a carbon footprint different from an ecological footprint?

Why do African populations have more genetic diversity than populations elsewhere in the world?

How is mtDNA used to trace lineages?

What steps are involved in modifying plant genomes with bacterial genes.Select the TWO statements that are correct.

What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Researchers create a transgenic organism by inserting a gene from algae into corn.How do researchers make the algae gene function in corn?

What is a memory cell?

Select the statements that best describe how nucleotides pair with one another in a DNA molecule.Select the TWO answers that are correct.

What kind of inheritance occurs if red flowers crossed with white flowers produce offspring with red patches and white patches on their flower petals?

How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell?

Which properties does uranium-238 have? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

What human activity consumes the greatest amount of fresh water?

Based on the information in the video,what steps can humans take to protect other species from the negative effects of human population growth?

Select the statements that describe relationships between UV light,melanin,folate,and vitamin D.Select the TWO answers that are correct.

What do the branches and nodes in a phylogenetic tree show? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

What adaptations do some non-succulent plants have that minimize water loss during photosynthesis? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

What conditions do the extremophile Sulfolobus acidicaldonious survive under? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Process of Science

Chemistry of Life

Cell Structure and Function

Nutrition, Enzymes, Metabolism

Energy and Photosynthesis

Dietary Energy and Cellular Respiration

Genes to Proteins

DNA Structure and Replication

Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation

Mutations and Cancer

Simple Inheritance and Meiosis

Complex Inheritance

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Nonadaptive Evolution and Speciation

Evidence for Evolution

Life on Earth

Prokaryotic Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Human Evolution

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Sustainability

Plant Growth and Reproduction

Plant Physiology

Overview of Physiology

Digestive System

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System

Central Nervous System

Reproductive System

Immune System

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