Question 1

The fossil record indicates that the earliest known ancestor of horses has four toes.Modern horses have only one.Which of the following best explains why this occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)  Environmental pressures selected for four toes over one dominant central toe over millions of years. 
B)  Over the course of a lifetime,ancestors would lose toes due to the stresses of prairie life,such as predation and injury. 
C)  Because the ancestors did not use all of their toes,their offspring were born with fewer toes. 
D)  Gradually,over the course of many generations,the four toes merged together to form a single toe. 
E)  Offspring with genetic mutations resulting in fewer toes were more likely to survive and reproduce. 
A)  Environmental pressures selected for four toes over one dominant central toe over millions of years. 
B)  Over the course of a lifetime,ancestors would lose toes due to the stresses of prairie life,such as predation and injury. 
C)  Because the ancestors did not use all of their toes,their offspring were born with fewer toes. 
D)  Gradually,over the course of many generations,the four toes merged together to form a single toe. 
E)  Offspring with genetic mutations resulting in fewer toes were more likely to survive and reproduce.

Question 2

Assume a phenotype is determined by one gene with a dominant allele and a recessive allele.If one parent is homozygous recessive and the other is heterozygous,what is the probability that an offspring will have the recessive phenotype?

Accepted Answer

A)  50% 
B)  25% 
C)  100% 
D)  75% 
E)  0% 
A)  50% 
B)  25% 
C)  100% 
D)  75% 
E)  0%

Question 3

What does it mean for a trait to be both polygenic and multifactorial?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple genes each produce aspects of a trait,and environmental factors influence the expression of those genes. 
B)  One gene determines a trait,but it can show a range of variation depending on which hormones are present. 
C)  Several alleles exist for a gene,and the expression of the trait is determined by how a single environmental factor interacts with the alleles. 
D)  A single allele is responsible for a specific trait,but its expression can be altered by multiple environmental factors. 
E)  Two genes both influence a trait as long as a specific hormone is present in the correct quantity. 
A)  Multiple genes each produce aspects of a trait,and environmental factors influence the expression of those genes. 
B)  One gene determines a trait,but it can show a range of variation depending on which hormones are present. 
C)  Several alleles exist for a gene,and the expression of the trait is determined by how a single environmental factor interacts with the alleles. 
D)  A single allele is responsible for a specific trait,but its expression can be altered by multiple environmental factors. 
E)  Two genes both influence a trait as long as a specific hormone is present in the correct quantity.

Question 4

What factor does gel electrophoresis use to separate DNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

A)  concentration of protein in the DNA molecules 
B)  concentration of G-C pairs in the DNA molecules 
C)  amount of positive charge on the DNA molecules 
D)  concentration of A-T pairs in the DNA molecules 
E)  length of individual DNA molecules 
A)  concentration of protein in the DNA molecules 
B)  concentration of G-C pairs in the DNA molecules 
C)  amount of positive charge on the DNA molecules 
D)  concentration of A-T pairs in the DNA molecules 
E)  length of individual DNA molecules

Question 5

Why is water considered a renewable resource?

Accepted Answer

A)  Earth is constantly bombarded by microscopic ice meteors. 
B)  Water resources are continually replenished by the water cycle. 
C)  There is sufficient groundwater for the foreseeable future. 
D)  Laws concerning water rights require that it be so designated. 
E)  Humans have had no significant impact on water supplies. 
A)  Earth is constantly bombarded by microscopic ice meteors. 
B)  Water resources are continually replenished by the water cycle. 
C)  There is sufficient groundwater for the foreseeable future. 
D)  Laws concerning water rights require that it be so designated. 
E)  Humans have had no significant impact on water supplies.

Question 6

Which example describes the set-up of a controlled experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ten subjects receive a new drug and another ten subjects receive a sugar pill. 
B)  Twenty subjects with knee pain receive the same treatment to relieve joint pain. 
C)  A doctor treats one subject for a disease and observes how quickly the patient recovers. 
D)  Researchers collect lifestyle data from fifty questionnaires submitted by subjects with the same disease. 
E)  Fifteen subjects with the common cold take a cold medicine and answer questions about its effects. 
A)  Ten subjects receive a new drug and another ten subjects receive a sugar pill. 
B)  Twenty subjects with knee pain receive the same treatment to relieve joint pain. 
C)  A doctor treats one subject for a disease and observes how quickly the patient recovers. 
D)  Researchers collect lifestyle data from fifty questionnaires submitted by subjects with the same disease. 
E)  Fifteen subjects with the common cold take a cold medicine and answer questions about its effects.

Question 7

How does climate change negatively impact moose?

Accepted Answer

A)  Warmer temperatures decrease water sources. 
B)  Warmer temperatures increase tick infestations on moose. 
C)  Warmer temperatures decrease habitable land. 
D)  Warmer temperatures increase bacterial infections. 
E)  Warmer temperatures decrease tree growth for food. 
A)  Warmer temperatures decrease water sources. 
B)  Warmer temperatures increase tick infestations on moose. 
C)  Warmer temperatures decrease habitable land. 
D)  Warmer temperatures increase bacterial infections. 
E)  Warmer temperatures decrease tree growth for food.

Question 8

Which bacteria are beneficial? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  Lactobacillus bulgaricus 
B)  Escherichia coli 
C)  bacteria that cause stomach distress 
D)  Salmonella typhimurium 
E)  bacteria that make yogurt 
A)  Lactobacillus bulgaricus 
B)  Escherichia coli 
C)  bacteria that cause stomach distress 
D)  Salmonella typhimurium 
E)  bacteria that make yogurt

Question 9

What is the relationship between acids,bases,and hydroxide ions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acids contain excess hydroxide ions,whereas bases contain relatively few hydroxide ions. 
B)  Acids strengthen and bases weaken as hydroxide concentration increases. 
C)  Acids contain only hydroxide ions,whereas bases contain no hydroxide ions. 
D)  Acids contain relatively few hydroxide ions,whereas bases contain excess hydroxide ions. 
E)  Acids contain no hydroxide ions,whereas bases contain only hydroxide ions. 
A)  Acids contain excess hydroxide ions,whereas bases contain relatively few hydroxide ions. 
B)  Acids strengthen and bases weaken as hydroxide concentration increases. 
C)  Acids contain only hydroxide ions,whereas bases contain no hydroxide ions. 
D)  Acids contain relatively few hydroxide ions,whereas bases contain excess hydroxide ions. 
E)  Acids contain no hydroxide ions,whereas bases contain only hydroxide ions.

Question 10

Select statements that correctly describe neurotransmitter function.Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  They are released from the axon terminal in response to an action potential. 
B)  They are chemical signals released by glands that regulate various internal states. 
C)  They are chemical signals that cross the synaptic cleft between two neurons. 
D)  They are receptor proteins that initiate a response when specific chemicals bind. 
E)  They are electrical signals that propagate down the axons of neurons. 
A)  They are released from the axon terminal in response to an action potential. 
B)  They are chemical signals released by glands that regulate various internal states. 
C)  They are chemical signals that cross the synaptic cleft between two neurons. 
D)  They are receptor proteins that initiate a response when specific chemicals bind. 
E)  They are electrical signals that propagate down the axons of neurons.

Question 11

Select the scenarios that describe negative selection.Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  An allele for the male lion to grow a larger-than-average mane results in more opportunities for mating. 
B)  In a population of a beetle species is an allele resulting in mouthparts that are not effective for chewing food. 
C)  An alpaca population has an allele that causes the protein hemoglobin to have a heightened capacity for carrying oxygen. 
D)  In a population of humans that relies on spear-hunting,an allele results in stronger leg muscles suitable for long-distance running. 
E)  An allele leading to the development of a life-shortening condition is present in the human population. 
A)  An allele for the male lion to grow a larger-than-average mane results in more opportunities for mating. 
B)  In a population of a beetle species is an allele resulting in mouthparts that are not effective for chewing food. 
C)  An alpaca population has an allele that causes the protein hemoglobin to have a heightened capacity for carrying oxygen. 
D)  In a population of humans that relies on spear-hunting,an allele results in stronger leg muscles suitable for long-distance running. 
E)  An allele leading to the development of a life-shortening condition is present in the human population.

Question 12

A gene in a randomly-mating population has two alleles (A,a),and the allele frequency of A is 0.65.Calculate the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals (aa)in the population.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.350 
B)  0.455 
C)  0.1225 
D)  0.4225 
E)  0.2275 
A)  0.350 
B)  0.455 
C)  0.1225 
D)  0.4225 
E)  0.2275

Question 13

Where is the information for building proteins encoded?

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acids 
B)  sidechains 
C)  DNA 
D)  spidroins 
E)  beta sheets 
A)  amino acids 
B)  sidechains 
C)  DNA 
D)  spidroins 
E)  beta sheets

Question 14

Which fuel source supplies the most energy in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  coal 
B)  natural gas 
C)  nuclear 
D)  hydroelectric 
E)  petroleum oil 
A)  coal 
B)  natural gas 
C)  nuclear 
D)  hydroelectric 
E)  petroleum oil

Question 15

For the scenario in animation 11.9,what is the probability that an offspring will have the less severe form of the disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  13/16 
B)  9/16 
C)  3/16 
D)  5/16 
E)  1/16 
A)  13/16 
B)  9/16 
C)  3/16 
D)  5/16 
E)  1/16

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of nonadaptive evolution? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  The percentage of dark-colored moths in a population increases over time as pollution darkens tree bark. 
B)  A mutation causes an increase in the incidence of antibiotic sensitivity in a population of Staphylococcus aureus. 
C)  The gene pool of a drastically reduced population of northern elephant seals is vulnerable to chance events. 
D)  The allele for sickle cell anemia is more prevalent in populations of African descent because it provides resistance to infection from malaria,a parasite common in Africa. 
E)  Two populations of finches in the Galapagos Islands have different beak lengths,each suited to the food available within its ecological niche. 
A)  The percentage of dark-colored moths in a population increases over time as pollution darkens tree bark. 
B)  A mutation causes an increase in the incidence of antibiotic sensitivity in a population of Staphylococcus aureus. 
C)  The gene pool of a drastically reduced population of northern elephant seals is vulnerable to chance events. 
D)  The allele for sickle cell anemia is more prevalent in populations of African descent because it provides resistance to infection from malaria,a parasite common in Africa. 
E)  Two populations of finches in the Galapagos Islands have different beak lengths,each suited to the food available within its ecological niche.

Question 17

Select the statement that describes how scientists can use tree rings to determine the size of wolf populations in a given year.

Accepted Answer

A)  Scientists correlate slower tree growth,or a narrower tree ring,to larger wolf populations. 
B)  Scientists correlate faster tree growth,or a narrower tree ring,to larger wolf populations. 
C)  Scientists correlate slower tree growth,or a wider tree ring,to smaller wolf populations. 
D)  Scientists correlate faster tree growth,or a wider tree ring,to smaller wolf populations. 
E)  Scientists correlate slower tree growth,or a narrower tree ring,to smaller wolf populations. 
A)  Scientists correlate slower tree growth,or a narrower tree ring,to larger wolf populations. 
B)  Scientists correlate faster tree growth,or a narrower tree ring,to larger wolf populations. 
C)  Scientists correlate slower tree growth,or a wider tree ring,to smaller wolf populations. 
D)  Scientists correlate faster tree growth,or a wider tree ring,to smaller wolf populations. 
E)  Scientists correlate slower tree growth,or a narrower tree ring,to smaller wolf populations.

Question 18

Which of the following must be true if a population is undergoing evolution? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)  The allele frequency of the population is changing over time. 
B)  A high mutation rate is increasing genetic variability in the population. 
C)  The gene pool is changing over the course of generations. 
D)  The most advantageous of the alleles are increasing in frequency. 
E)  Genetic drift is causing random changes in the gene pool. 
A)  The allele frequency of the population is changing over time. 
B)  A high mutation rate is increasing genetic variability in the population. 
C)  The gene pool is changing over the course of generations. 
D)  The most advantageous of the alleles are increasing in frequency. 
E)  Genetic drift is causing random changes in the gene pool.

Question 19

What is an ecological niche?

Accepted Answer

A)  a species' unique physical traits that suit it for its habitat 
B)  the part of the habitat's resources that a species uses 
C)  an organism's role in the food chain of an ecosystem 
D)  the specific type of shelter an animal finds in its habitat 
E)  the degree of relatedness between two species 
A)  a species' unique physical traits that suit it for its habitat 
B)  the part of the habitat's resources that a species uses 
C)  an organism's role in the food chain of an ecosystem 
D)  the specific type of shelter an animal finds in its habitat 
E)  the degree of relatedness between two species

Question 20

What is a methanogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  A prokaryote in domain Bacteria that consumes methane for energy,and releases small hydrocarbons as byproducts. 
B)  A prokaryote in domain Archaea that consumes carbon dioxide and hydrogen for energy,and releases methane as a byproduct. 
C)  A prokaryote in in domain Bacteria that consumes carbon dioxide and water for energy,and releases methane as a byproduct. 
D)  A prokaryote in domain Bacteria that consumes carbon dioxide and hydrogen for energy,and releases methane as a byproduct. 
E)  A prokaryote in domain Archaea that consumes methane for energy,and releases carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. 
A)  A prokaryote in domain Bacteria that consumes methane for energy,and releases small hydrocarbons as byproducts. 
B)  A prokaryote in domain Archaea that consumes carbon dioxide and hydrogen for energy,and releases methane as a byproduct. 
C)  A prokaryote in in domain Bacteria that consumes carbon dioxide and water for energy,and releases methane as a byproduct. 
D)  A prokaryote in domain Bacteria that consumes carbon dioxide and hydrogen for energy,and releases methane as a byproduct. 
E)  A prokaryote in domain Archaea that consumes methane for energy,and releases carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Exam 33: A Range of Biology

The fossil record indicates that the earliest known ancestor of horses has four toes.Modern horses have only one.Which of the following best explains why this occurred?

Assume a phenotype is determined by one gene with a dominant allele and a recessive allele.If one parent is homozygous recessive and the other is heterozygous,what is the probability that an offspring will have the recessive phenotype?

What does it mean for a trait to be both polygenic and multifactorial?

What factor does gel electrophoresis use to separate DNA molecules?

Why is water considered a renewable resource?

Which example describes the set-up of a controlled experiment?

How does climate change negatively impact moose?

Which bacteria are beneficial? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

What is the relationship between acids,bases,and hydroxide ions?

Select statements that correctly describe neurotransmitter function.Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Select the scenarios that describe negative selection.Select the TWO answers that are correct.

A gene in a randomly-mating population has two alleles (A,a),and the allele frequency of A is 0.65.Calculate the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals (aa)in the population.

Where is the information for building proteins encoded?

Which fuel source supplies the most energy in the United States?

For the scenario in animation 11.9,what is the probability that an offspring will have the less severe form of the disease?

Which of the following is an example of nonadaptive evolution? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

Select the statement that describes how scientists can use tree rings to determine the size of wolf populations in a given year.

Which of the following must be true if a population is undergoing evolution? Select the TWO answers that are correct.

What is an ecological niche?

What is a methanogen?

Process of Science

Chemistry of Life

Cell Structure and Function

Nutrition, Enzymes, Metabolism

Energy and Photosynthesis

Dietary Energy and Cellular Respiration

Genes to Proteins

DNA Structure and Replication

Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation

Mutations and Cancer

Simple Inheritance and Meiosis

Complex Inheritance

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Nonadaptive Evolution and Speciation

Evidence for Evolution

Life on Earth

Prokaryotic Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Human Evolution

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Sustainability

Plant Growth and Reproduction

Plant Physiology

Overview of Physiology

Digestive System

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System

Central Nervous System

Reproductive System

Immune System

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