Question 1

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  basophils 
B)  eosinophils 
C)  neutrophils 
D)  monocytes 
E)  lymphocytes 
A)  basophils 
B)  eosinophils 
C)  neutrophils 
D)  monocytes 
E)  lymphocytes A

Question 2

Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  unbroken skin 
B)  mucus 
C)  hairs 
D)  tears 
E)  T cells 
A)  unbroken skin 
B)  mucus 
C)  hairs 
D)  tears 
E)  T cells E

Question 3

The patient asks the nurse to explain what cilia are. All of the following statements are correct except ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cilia form a microscopic brush-like lining 
B)  cilia help move and expel foreign invaders 
C)  cilia compose a sort of microscopic "escalator" to expel invading organisms 
D)  cilia are chemical-excreting natural killer cells 
A)  cilia form a microscopic brush-like lining 
B)  cilia help move and expel foreign invaders 
C)  cilia compose a sort of microscopic "escalator" to expel invading organisms 
D)  cilia are chemical-excreting natural killer cells D

Question 4

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  vasoactive mediators 
B)  mediators of B-cell activity 
C)  mediators of T-cell activity 
D)  mediators that increase chemotaxis 
E)  fever inducers 
A)  vasoactive mediators 
B)  mediators of B-cell activity 
C)  mediators of T-cell activity 
D)  mediators that increase chemotaxis 
E)  fever inducers

Question 5

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lymph nodes 
B)  Thymus 
C)  Spleen 
D)  GALT 
E)  Tonsils 
A)  Lymph nodes 
B)  Thymus 
C)  Spleen 
D)  GALT 
E)  Tonsils

Question 6

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

Accepted Answer

A)  Basophils 
B)  Eosinophils 
C)  Neutrophils 
D)  Monocytes 
E)  Lymphocytes 
A)  Basophils 
B)  Eosinophils 
C)  Neutrophils 
D)  Monocytes 
E)  Lymphocytes

Question 7

Cytokines are chemicals and proteins that are critical components of the immune system. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the function of cytokines?

Accepted Answer

A)  All cytokines are synthesized to stimulate the inflammatory response; their purpose is to mediate vascular reactions and diapedesis. 
B)  Cytokines are secreted by a wide variety of cell types, including immune cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. 
C)  Cytokines play a role in both inflammatory stimulation, as well as being anti-inflammatory mediators. 
D)  Cytokines mediate communication between cells; they are crucial for stimulation, suppression and control of all aspects of the immune response. 
A)  All cytokines are synthesized to stimulate the inflammatory response; their purpose is to mediate vascular reactions and diapedesis. 
B)  Cytokines are secreted by a wide variety of cell types, including immune cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. 
C)  Cytokines play a role in both inflammatory stimulation, as well as being anti-inflammatory mediators. 
D)  Cytokines mediate communication between cells; they are crucial for stimulation, suppression and control of all aspects of the immune response.

Question 8

Which line(s) of defense has been breached for this injury?

Accepted Answer

A)  First line of defense 
B)  Second line of defense 
C)  First and second lines of defense 
D)  First, second and third lines of defense 
A)  First line of defense 
B)  Second line of defense 
C)  First and second lines of defense 
D)  First, second and third lines of defense

Question 9

Lysozyme is found in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  mucous membranes of the respiratory tract 
B)  mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract 
C)  salivary secretions 
D)  sweat from sweat glands 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  mucous membranes of the respiratory tract 
B)  mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract 
C)  salivary secretions 
D)  sweat from sweat glands 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Which statement below characterizes the complement system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Complement comprises a team of blood proteins that are activated in a cascade, ultimately leading to pathogen cytolysis, inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis. 
B)  Complement pyrogens stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature, increasing metabolism and preventing the growth of temperature-sensitive pathogens. 
C)  Complement proteins bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression, eliminating not only pathogens, but cancer cells also. 
D)  Complement proteins, produced by a host cell in response to viral attack, are secreted and enter neighboring cells, stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion. 
A)  Complement comprises a team of blood proteins that are activated in a cascade, ultimately leading to pathogen cytolysis, inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis. 
B)  Complement pyrogens stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature, increasing metabolism and preventing the growth of temperature-sensitive pathogens. 
C)  Complement proteins bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression, eliminating not only pathogens, but cancer cells also. 
D)  Complement proteins, produced by a host cell in response to viral attack, are secreted and enter neighboring cells, stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion.

Question 11

If the patient's cilia are unable to clear his lungs of mucus, which line of host defense is breached?

Accepted Answer

A)  First line of defense 
B)  Second line of defense 
C)  Third line of defense 
D)  First and second lines of defense 
A)  First line of defense 
B)  Second line of defense 
C)  Third line of defense 
D)  First and second lines of defense

Question 12

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Formation of pus and edema 
B)  Scar formation and/or resolution 
C)  Vascular reactions 
D)  Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators 
E)  Activation of the complement system 
A)  Formation of pus and edema 
B)  Scar formation and/or resolution 
C)  Vascular reactions 
D)  Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators 
E)  Activation of the complement system

Question 13

The human microbiome is considered an important component of the first line of defense. Which statement adequately reflects its role as a defensive barrier?

Accepted Answer

A)  The human microbiota competes with pathogens for space and nutrients limiting their ability to cause infection, and trains the immune system to recognize antigens. 
B)  The organisms that comprise the microbiota are able to phagocytose potential pathogens, thereby eliminating them from the human host. 
C)  The human microbiome has evolved with the species so it is able to actively destroy pathogens by raising the body temperature when an infection by a pathogen occurs. 
D)  Cells in the human microbiome secrete cytokines that play a role in stimulating the immune response when a pathogen has entered the system. 
A)  The human microbiota competes with pathogens for space and nutrients limiting their ability to cause infection, and trains the immune system to recognize antigens. 
B)  The organisms that comprise the microbiota are able to phagocytose potential pathogens, thereby eliminating them from the human host. 
C)  The human microbiome has evolved with the species so it is able to actively destroy pathogens by raising the body temperature when an infection by a pathogen occurs. 
D)  Cells in the human microbiome secrete cytokines that play a role in stimulating the immune response when a pathogen has entered the system.

Question 14

Plasma cells ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  function in cell-mediated immunity 
B)  are derived from T lymphocytes 
C)  function in blood clotting 
D)  produce and secrete antibodies 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  function in cell-mediated immunity 
B)  are derived from T lymphocytes 
C)  function in blood clotting 
D)  produce and secrete antibodies 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 15

The nurse examines the child's tonsils while preparing to swab them with the culture swab. A white pustule coating is noted to be covering the tonsils. What is this pus composed of?

Accepted Answer

A)  Waste from red blood cells 
B)  Live bacteria 
C)  Fibrin threads 
D)  White blood cells and debris from phagocytosis 
A)  Waste from red blood cells 
B)  Live bacteria 
C)  Fibrin threads 
D)  White blood cells and debris from phagocytosis

Question 16

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

All of the following pertain to interferon except it ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is a protein 
B)  is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells 
C)  includes alpha, beta, and gamma types 
D)  inhibits viruses, tumors, and cancer gene expression 
E)  increases capillary permeability and vasodilation 
A)  is a protein 
B)  is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells 
C)  includes alpha, beta, and gamma types 
D)  inhibits viruses, tumors, and cancer gene expression 
E)  increases capillary permeability and vasodilation

Question 18

A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  Monocytes 
B)  Eosinophils 
C)  Basophils 
D)  Neutrophils 
E)  Lymphocytes 
A)  Monocytes 
B)  Eosinophils 
C)  Basophils 
D)  Neutrophils 
E)  Lymphocytes

Question 20

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  redness 
B)  warmth 
C)  swelling 
D)  pain 
E)  chills 
A)  redness 
B)  warmth 
C)  swelling 
D)  pain 
E)  chills

Exam 12: Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.

Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except ________.

The patient asks the nurse to explain what cilia are. All of the following statements are correct except ________.

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all ________.

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

Cytokines are chemicals and proteins that are critical components of the immune system. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the function of cytokines?

Which line(s) of defense has been breached for this injury?

Lysozyme is found in ________.

Which statement below characterizes the complement system?

If the patient's cilia are unable to clear his lungs of mucus, which line of host defense is breached?

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

The human microbiome is considered an important component of the first line of defense. Which statement adequately reflects its role as a defensive barrier?

Plasma cells ________.

The nurse examines the child's tonsils while preparing to swab them with the culture swab. A white pustule coating is noted to be covering the tonsils. What is this pus composed of?

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

All of the following pertain to interferon except it ________.

A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs.

Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except ________.

Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks

Tools of the Laboratory: Methods for the Culturing and Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

Viral Structure and Multiplication

Microbial Nutrition and Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes

Antimicrobial Treatment

Interactions Between Microbes and Humans

Host Defenses Ii: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Disorders in Immunity

Diagnosing Infections

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin and Eyes

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory Systems

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System

One Health: the Interconnected Health of the Environment, Humans, and Other Animals

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