Question 1

Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  After birth, produced in red bone marrow sites 
B)  Develop from undifferentiated stem cells 
C)  Include Kupffer cells 
D)  Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes 
E)  Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei 
A)  After birth, produced in red bone marrow sites 
B)  Develop from undifferentiated stem cells 
C)  Include Kupffer cells 
D)  Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes 
E)  Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei

Question 2

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is toxic to pathogens 
B)  creates a physical barrier against pathogens 
C)  destroys pathogens 
D)  physically restricts pathogens to a specific region 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  is toxic to pathogens 
B)  creates a physical barrier against pathogens 
C)  destroys pathogens 
D)  physically restricts pathogens to a specific region 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 4

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can last hours to years. 
B)  Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. 
C)  Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction. 
D)  Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen. 
E)  Basophils and mast cells release histamine. 
A)  It can last hours to years. 
B)  Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. 
C)  Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction. 
D)  Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen. 
E)  Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

Question 5

The leakage of excess fluid into tissues is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  chemotaxis 
B)  edema 
C)  diapedesis 
D)  vasoactivity 
E)  pus 
A)  chemotaxis 
B)  edema 
C)  diapedesis 
D)  vasoactivity 
E)  pus

Question 6

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  basophils 
B)  eosinophils 
C)  neutrophils 
D)  monocytes 
E)  lymphocytes 
A)  basophils 
B)  eosinophils 
C)  neutrophils 
D)  monocytes 
E)  lymphocytes

Question 7

The granules of basophils contain ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies 
B)  antigens 
C)  digestive enzymes 
D)  histamine 
E)  lysozyme 
A)  antibodies 
B)  antigens 
C)  digestive enzymes 
D)  histamine 
E)  lysozyme

Question 8

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lymph nodes 
B)  thymus 
C)  spleen 
D)  GALT 
E)  tonsils 
A)  lymph nodes 
B)  thymus 
C)  spleen 
D)  GALT 
E)  tonsils

Question 9

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.

Accepted Answer

A)  Skin 
B)  Respiratory tract 
C)  Digestive tract 
D)  Urinary tract 
E)  Eyes 
A)  Skin 
B)  Respiratory tract 
C)  Digestive tract 
D)  Urinary tract 
E)  Eyes

Question 10

The second line of defense is a series of systems that involves both cells and chemicals working together.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inflammation 
B)  Phagocytosis 
C)  Interferon production 
D)  Complement production 
E)  Bradykinin 
A)  Inflammation 
B)  Phagocytosis 
C)  Interferon production 
D)  Complement production 
E)  Bradykinin

Question 12

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

Accepted Answer

A)  Complement 
B)  Albumin 
C)  Interferon 
D)  Histamine 
A)  Complement 
B)  Albumin 
C)  Interferon 
D)  Histamine

Question 13

Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply 
B)  increases the availability of iron 
C)  increases phagocytosis 
D)  increases metabolism 
E)  stimulates hematopoiesis 
A)  reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply 
B)  increases the availability of iron 
C)  increases phagocytosis 
D)  increases metabolism 
E)  stimulates hematopoiesis

Question 14

The term ________ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

Accepted Answer

A)  antibody 
B)  allergen 
C)  antigen 
D)  foreign body 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  antibody 
B)  allergen 
C)  antigen 
D)  foreign body 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a mechanism employed by the human microbiota to contribute to the first line of defense?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can phagocytose pathogens 
B)  It can lower the pH making the environment too acidic for pathogens to survive 
C)  It can out-compete pathogens for limited nutrients 
D)  It can train the immune cells to recognize antigenic markers 
E)  It can block potential binding sites on epithelial cells restricting adhesion, which is a necessary step for infection 
A)  It can phagocytose pathogens 
B)  It can lower the pH making the environment too acidic for pathogens to survive 
C)  It can out-compete pathogens for limited nutrients 
D)  It can train the immune cells to recognize antigenic markers 
E)  It can block potential binding sites on epithelial cells restricting adhesion, which is a necessary step for infection

Question 16

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin 
B)  nasal hairs 
C)  flushing action of tears and blinking 
D)  flushing action of urine 
E)  phagocytic white blood cells 
A)  the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin 
B)  nasal hairs 
C)  flushing action of tears and blinking 
D)  flushing action of urine 
E)  phagocytic white blood cells

Question 17

The patient asks the nurse to explain to him why he keeps getting sick from the same bacteria. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Your lungs produce these organisms because your cilia are permanently damaged. 
B)  Your mucus traps and harbors the microorganisms and when they can't be cleared, they begin to breach your second and third lines of defense. 
C)  Your disease stunts your immunity, so you are unable to fight those bacteria. 
D)  You don't have second and third line defenses because of your cystic fibrosis. 
A)  Your lungs produce these organisms because your cilia are permanently damaged. 
B)  Your mucus traps and harbors the microorganisms and when they can't be cleared, they begin to breach your second and third lines of defense. 
C)  Your disease stunts your immunity, so you are unable to fight those bacteria. 
D)  You don't have second and third line defenses because of your cystic fibrosis.

Question 18

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Is composed of at least 20 blood proteins 
B)  Only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen 
C)  Acts in a cascade reaction 
D)  Involves a classical pathway 
E)  Involves an alternate pathway 
A)  Is composed of at least 20 blood proteins 
B)  Only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen 
C)  Acts in a cascade reaction 
D)  Involves a classical pathway 
E)  Involves an alternate pathway

Question 19

All of the following pertain to platelets except they ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide 
B)  function primarily in hemostasis 
C)  originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes 
D)  function in blood clotting and inflammation 
E)  are not whole cells but are pieces of cells 
A)  contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide 
B)  function primarily in hemostasis 
C)  originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes 
D)  function in blood clotting and inflammation 
E)  are not whole cells but are pieces of cells

Question 20

Plasma ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended 
B)  is mostly water 
C)  contains albumin and globulins 
D)  contains fibrinogen 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended 
B)  is mostly water 
C)  contains albumin and globulins 
D)  contains fibrinogen 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Exam 12: Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it ________.

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

The leakage of excess fluid into tissues is called ________.

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are ________.

The granules of basophils contain ________.

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as ________.

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.

The second line of defense is a series of systems that involves both cells and chemicals working together.

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

Each of the following are benefits of fever except it ________.

The term ________ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

Which of the following is not a mechanism employed by the human microbiota to contribute to the first line of defense?

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except ________.

The patient asks the nurse to explain to him why he keeps getting sick from the same bacteria. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate response?

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

All of the following pertain to platelets except they ________.

Plasma ________.

Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks

Tools of the Laboratory: Methods for the Culturing and Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

Viral Structure and Multiplication

Microbial Nutrition and Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering

Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes

Antimicrobial Treatment

Interactions Between Microbes and Humans

Host Defenses Ii: Specific Immunity and Immunization

Disorders in Immunity

Diagnosing Infections

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin and Eyes

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory Systems

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract

Infectious Diseases Affecting the Genitourinary System

One Health: the Interconnected Health of the Environment, Humans, and Other Animals

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