Question 1

Agglutination tests can be used to detect

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria AND viruses. 
B)  hormones AND drugs. 
C)  fungi, bacteria, AND viruses. 
D)  viruses, bacteria, AND hormones. 
E)  viruses, bacteria, fungi, hormones AND drugs. 
A)  bacteria AND viruses. 
B)  hormones AND drugs. 
C)  fungi, bacteria, AND viruses. 
D)  viruses, bacteria, AND hormones. 
E)  viruses, bacteria, fungi, hormones AND drugs.

Question 2

You explain to the parent of the child with measles the importance of vaccinations. She responds by saying that measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella are very rare diseases in developed countries and she doesn't want her child to go through getting her shots. She worries about the safety of the MMRV vaccine. Which is the best response regarding this concern?

Accepted Answer

A)  These diseases are rare BECAUSE of successful vaccination BUT the pathogens still exist and with enough susceptible hosts, they can spread in a population. 
B)  These diseases are rare BECAUSE of successful vaccination AND the MMRV vaccine is safe and does NOT cause autism. 
C)  An immunocompromised person such as your patient with leukemia depends on others being vaccinated to remain healthy (herd immunity) AND the MMRV vaccine is safe and is NOT associated with autism. 
D)  These diseases are rare BECAUSE of successful vaccination BUT the pathogens still exist, and with enough susceptible hosts they can spread in a population AND the MMRV vaccine is safe and does NOT cause autism. 
E)  These diseases are rare BECAUSE of successful vaccination, but the pathogens still exist, and with enough susceptible hosts they can spread in a population. The MMRV vaccine is safe and is NOT associated with autism, and immunocompromised people who cannot receive an attenuated vaccine depend on herd immunity to remain healthy. 
A)  These diseases are rare BECAUSE of successful vaccination BUT the pathogens still exist and with enough susceptible hosts, they can spread in a population. 
B)  These diseases are rare BECAUSE of successful vaccination AND the MMRV vaccine is safe and does NOT cause autism. 
C)  An immunocompromised person such as your patient with leukemia depends on others being vaccinated to remain healthy (herd immunity) AND the MMRV vaccine is safe and is NOT associated with autism. 
D)  These diseases are rare BECAUSE of successful vaccination BUT the pathogens still exist, and with enough susceptible hosts they can spread in a population AND the MMRV vaccine is safe and does NOT cause autism. 
E)  These diseases are rare BECAUSE of successful vaccination, but the pathogens still exist, and with enough susceptible hosts they can spread in a population. The MMRV vaccine is safe and is NOT associated with autism, and immunocompromised people who cannot receive an attenuated vaccine depend on herd immunity to remain healthy.

Question 3

The Salk polio vaccine

Accepted Answer

A)  protects against nervous system and gastrointestinal infection. 
B)  protects only against gastrointestinal infection. 
C)  is a subunit vaccine. 
D)  protects only against nervous system infection. 
E)  protects against nervous system and gastrointestinal infection AND is a subunit vaccine. 
A)  protects against nervous system and gastrointestinal infection. 
B)  protects only against gastrointestinal infection. 
C)  is a subunit vaccine. 
D)  protects only against nervous system infection. 
E)  protects against nervous system and gastrointestinal infection AND is a subunit vaccine.

Question 4

All of the following are true about attenuated agents EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  they only induce immunity after several doses. 
B)  they may cause disease in immunocompromised individuals. 
C)  they multiply in the body. 
D)  they may revert or mutate to disease-causing strains. 
E)  they cause a strong cell-mediated immune response. 
A)  they only induce immunity after several doses. 
B)  they may cause disease in immunocompromised individuals. 
C)  they multiply in the body. 
D)  they may revert or mutate to disease-causing strains. 
E)  they cause a strong cell-mediated immune response.

Question 5

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just a subunit of that agent for a vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates both the humoral AND cell-mediated adaptive immune response, giving the best comprehensive long-term protection available. 
B)  There is no advantage. It's much more dangerous to use an attenuated agent over a subunit vaccine due to the possibility of reversion of the microbe to a pathogenic state. 
C)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the antibody production (humoral response) of the adaptive immune system. This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
D)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the cytotoxic T cell (CTL, cell-mediated) side of the adaptive immune system. This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
E)  There is no advantage. If a subunit is used from that agent, all the T cells that are activated will make antibodies against that single antigen, causing a very strong response. 
A)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates both the humoral AND cell-mediated adaptive immune response, giving the best comprehensive long-term protection available. 
B)  There is no advantage. It's much more dangerous to use an attenuated agent over a subunit vaccine due to the possibility of reversion of the microbe to a pathogenic state. 
C)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the antibody production (humoral response) of the adaptive immune system. This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
D)  An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the cytotoxic T cell (CTL, cell-mediated) side of the adaptive immune system. This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
E)  There is no advantage. If a subunit is used from that agent, all the T cells that are activated will make antibodies against that single antigen, causing a very strong response.

Question 6

You tell the class that ELISAs and Western blots are performed in a clinic or laboratory. However, there are a variety of tests that can be performed at home. With the oral fluid antibody self-test, a person swabs their own mouth and uses a kit to test the sample. The kit looks similar to a pregnancy test. Saliva is collected on a swab which is then inserted into the "tube" containing a test strip on which certain HIV proteins are bound. The saliva moves up the test strip until it reaches two windows on the tube - one is labeled C and the other is labeled T. When the saliva reacts with the bound virus proteins, a color change is seen. Results are interpreted as follows:
No color in the C window-test is not working.
Color in the C window but none in the T window-negative result.
Color in the C window and color in the T window-positive result.
Given this information, select the FALSE statement.

Accepted Answer

A)  The C window is a positive control-if color appears there, it confirms that the test is working properly. 
B)  The T window is the test window. If color appears both there and in the C window, it indicates that anti-HIV antibodies are present in the person's saliva. 
C)  This test is an ELISA test that is used to detect antibodies in a person's saliva. 
D)  If color appears in the T window but not in the C window, the kit is not working properly. 
E)  This test is an ELISA test that is used to detect the presence of viral capsid proteins in a person's saliva. 
A)  The C window is a positive control-if color appears there, it confirms that the test is working properly. 
B)  The T window is the test window. If color appears both there and in the C window, it indicates that anti-HIV antibodies are present in the person's saliva. 
C)  This test is an ELISA test that is used to detect antibodies in a person's saliva. 
D)  If color appears in the T window but not in the C window, the kit is not working properly. 
E)  This test is an ELISA test that is used to detect the presence of viral capsid proteins in a person's saliva.

Question 7

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseases such as tetanus or botulism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Time. You can quickly neutralize the toxin with a passive administration of antibodies to save the patient's life during the period it takes for their own active immune response to occur. 
B)  Cost. It's much cheaper to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
C)  Safety of delivery. It's far safer to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
D)  Handling of treatment. It's difficult to keep vaccines stored properly to keep their potency, especially in countries without adequate refrigeration facilities. It's much easier to keep antibodies stable, even in extremes of heat and humidity. 
E)  Recovery time. Even if the person actually develops the disease, the antibodies that are delivered in passive immunity will actively seek out and destroy the pathogen, facilitating a quicker recovery. 
A)  Time. You can quickly neutralize the toxin with a passive administration of antibodies to save the patient's life during the period it takes for their own active immune response to occur. 
B)  Cost. It's much cheaper to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
C)  Safety of delivery. It's far safer to administer a dose of antibodies harvested from the serum of an actively immunized animal or human than it is to administer a vaccine. 
D)  Handling of treatment. It's difficult to keep vaccines stored properly to keep their potency, especially in countries without adequate refrigeration facilities. It's much easier to keep antibodies stable, even in extremes of heat and humidity. 
E)  Recovery time. Even if the person actually develops the disease, the antibodies that are delivered in passive immunity will actively seek out and destroy the pathogen, facilitating a quicker recovery.

Question 8

The most common adjuvant is

Accepted Answer

A)  ethanol. 
B)  formalin. 
C)  aluminum. 
D)  hydroxide. 
E)  alum. 
A)  ethanol. 
B)  formalin. 
C)  aluminum. 
D)  hydroxide. 
E)  alum.

Question 9

Inactivated immunizing agents are prepared by treatment with

Accepted Answer

A)  alcohol. 
B)  phenol. 
C)  formalin. 
D)  histamine. 
E)  mercury. 
A)  alcohol. 
B)  phenol. 
C)  formalin. 
D)  histamine. 
E)  mercury.

Question 10

Select the FALSE statement regarding artificially acquired passive immunity.

Accepted Answer

A)  Immune globulin is used to prevent or treat specific diseases, for example using rabies immune globulin (RIG) to protect against rabies. 
B)  It involves the use of antiserum (a preparation of serum that contains protective antibodies) or antitoxin (antibody preparation that protects against a given toxin). 
C)  Hyperimmune globulin is used to protect unvaccinated people who have been recently exposed to certain diseases, including measles and hepatitis A. 
D)  It occurs naturally in response to infections, and artificially in response to vaccination, when antigens are deliberately introduced into the body. 
E)  These statements are all false. 
A)  Immune globulin is used to prevent or treat specific diseases, for example using rabies immune globulin (RIG) to protect against rabies. 
B)  It involves the use of antiserum (a preparation of serum that contains protective antibodies) or antitoxin (antibody preparation that protects against a given toxin). 
C)  Hyperimmune globulin is used to protect unvaccinated people who have been recently exposed to certain diseases, including measles and hepatitis A. 
D)  It occurs naturally in response to infections, and artificially in response to vaccination, when antigens are deliberately introduced into the body. 
E)  These statements are all false.

Question 11

Substances that are contained in vaccines to help induce a better immune response are called

Accepted Answer

A)  primary substances. 
B)  secondary substances. 
C)  adjuncts. 
D)  secondary adjuncts. 
E)  adjuvants. 
A)  primary substances. 
B)  secondary substances. 
C)  adjuncts. 
D)  secondary adjuncts. 
E)  adjuvants.

Question 12

Serological tests are most often conducted in

Accepted Answer

A)  test tubes. 
B)  flasks. 
C)  graduated cylinders. 
D)  Petri dishes. 
E)  microtiter plates. 
A)  test tubes. 
B)  flasks. 
C)  graduated cylinders. 
D)  Petri dishes. 
E)  microtiter plates.

Question 13

Precipitation reactions depend on

Accepted Answer

A)  the antigen having one epitope. 
B)  the antibody having one epitope. 
C)  the antigen having two or more epitopes. 
D)  the antigen having no epitopes. 
E)  the epitope have one or more antigens. 
A)  the antigen having one epitope. 
B)  the antibody having one epitope. 
C)  the antigen having two or more epitopes. 
D)  the antigen having no epitopes. 
E)  the epitope have one or more antigens.

Question 14

Which of the following methods allows monitoring of the progressive destruction of CD4 T cells during an HIV infection by tagging the cells with specific antibodies to CD4 surface proteins and measuring their concentrations in serum?

Accepted Answer

A)  Western blot 
B)  ELISA 
C)  Latex beads agglutination 
D)  Fluorescence-activated cell sorter 
E)  FA test on a microscope slide 
A)  Western blot 
B)  ELISA 
C)  Latex beads agglutination 
D)  Fluorescence-activated cell sorter 
E)  FA test on a microscope slide

Question 15

Herd immunity

Accepted Answer

A)  only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. 
B)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. 
C)  only provides protection to those that are already immune. 
D)  is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
E)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
A)  only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. 
B)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. 
C)  only provides protection to those that are already immune. 
D)  is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
E)  occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of artificially acquired passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  It involves injecting a person with antibodies produced by other people or animals. 
B)  It can be used to prevent disease immediately before or after likely exposure to a pathogen. 
C)  It can be used to cure certain diseases. 
D)  It can be used to limit the duration of certain diseases. 
E)  It can be used to block the action of microbial toxins. 
A)  It involves injecting a person with antibodies produced by other people or animals. 
B)  It can be used to prevent disease immediately before or after likely exposure to a pathogen. 
C)  It can be used to cure certain diseases. 
D)  It can be used to limit the duration of certain diseases. 
E)  It can be used to block the action of microbial toxins.

Question 17

Anti-human IgG antibodies are often used in

Accepted Answer

A)  direct fluorescent antibody tests, radioimmunoassay, AND direct ELISA. 
B)  complement fixation test, radioimmunoassay, AND Western blotting. 
C)  radioimmunoassay, indirect ELISA, AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
D)  indirect fluorescent antibody tests, complement fixation tests, AND Western blotting. 
E)  indirect ELISA, Western blotting, AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
A)  direct fluorescent antibody tests, radioimmunoassay, AND direct ELISA. 
B)  complement fixation test, radioimmunoassay, AND Western blotting. 
C)  radioimmunoassay, indirect ELISA, AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
D)  indirect fluorescent antibody tests, complement fixation tests, AND Western blotting. 
E)  indirect ELISA, Western blotting, AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests.

Question 18

Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are

Accepted Answer

A)  the result of infection. 
B)  the result of passive immunity. 
C)  self-made. 
D)  IgM. 
E)  the result of active immunity. 
A)  the result of infection. 
B)  the result of passive immunity. 
C)  self-made. 
D)  IgM. 
E)  the result of active immunity.

Question 19

A poorly understood, yet promising type of vaccine that causes the host to produce microbial antigens for a short time involves the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  subunits. 
B)  DNA. 
C)  alum. 
D)  toxoids. 
E)  glycoproteins. 
A)  subunits. 
B)  DNA. 
C)  alum. 
D)  toxoids. 
E)  glycoproteins.

Question 20

Attenuated vaccines have several advantages. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of these vaccines?

Accepted Answer

A)  One or two doses of an attenuated agent are often enough to induce relatively long-lasting immunity. 
B)  Attenuated vaccines are very stable in all temperatures, so are easily transported to remote areas and do not require special storage. 
C)  The vaccine strain may be spread from the person being immunized to other non-immune people, thereby immunizing the contacts of the vaccine recipient. 
D)  Attenuated vaccines can sometimes be delivered orally or nasally, preventing the need for using syringes. 
E)  Attenuated vaccines cause a very strong cell-mediated immune response. 
A)  One or two doses of an attenuated agent are often enough to induce relatively long-lasting immunity. 
B)  Attenuated vaccines are very stable in all temperatures, so are easily transported to remote areas and do not require special storage. 
C)  The vaccine strain may be spread from the person being immunized to other non-immune people, thereby immunizing the contacts of the vaccine recipient. 
D)  Attenuated vaccines can sometimes be delivered orally or nasally, preventing the need for using syringes. 
E)  Attenuated vaccines cause a very strong cell-mediated immune response.

Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

Agglutination tests can be used to detect

The Salk polio vaccine

All of the following are true about attenuated agents EXCEPT

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just a subunit of that agent for a vaccine?

What would be a primary advantage of passive immunity with diseases such as tetanus or botulism?

The most common adjuvant is

Inactivated immunizing agents are prepared by treatment with

Select the FALSE statement regarding artificially acquired passive immunity.

Substances that are contained in vaccines to help induce a better immune response are called

Serological tests are most often conducted in

Precipitation reactions depend on

Which of the following methods allows monitoring of the progressive destruction of CD4 T cells during an HIV infection by tagging the cells with specific antibodies to CD4 surface proteins and measuring their concentrations in serum?

Herd immunity

Which of the following is NOT true of artificially acquired passive immunity?

Anti-human IgG antibodies are often used in

Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are

A poorly understood, yet promising type of vaccine that causes the host to produce microbial antigens for a short time involves the use of

Attenuated vaccines have several advantages. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of these vaccines?

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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