Question 1

Why can't botulism be transmitted from person to person?

Accepted Answer

A)  The disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin. 
B)  The disease is a toxin-mediated disease; it is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin produced under anaerobic conditions by Clostridium tetani. 
C)  The disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin AND people with botulism die before they can transmit the disease to others. 
D)  The disease is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin AND the disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin. 
E)  Botulism is a toxin-mediated blood-borne disease AND people with botulism die before they can transmit the disease to others. 
A)  The disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin. 
B)  The disease is a toxin-mediated disease; it is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin produced under anaerobic conditions by Clostridium tetani. 
C)  The disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin AND people with botulism die before they can transmit the disease to others. 
D)  The disease is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin AND the disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin. 
E)  Botulism is a toxin-mediated blood-borne disease AND people with botulism die before they can transmit the disease to others. D

Question 2

Identify the meninges from closest to the brain to furthest away:
1) dura mater
2) pia mater
3) arachnoid mater

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2, 3 
B)  3, 2, 1 
C)  2, 3, 1 
D)  3, 1, 2, 3 
E)  1, 3, 3, 1 
A)  1, 2, 3 
B)  3, 2, 1 
C)  2, 3, 1 
D)  3, 1, 2, 3 
E)  1, 3, 3, 1 C

Question 3

Prevention of toxoplasmosis involves

Accepted Answer

A)  vaccination of domestic animals. 
B)  avoiding inadequately cooked meat. 
C)  prophylactic antibiotics for cat owners. 
D)  filtering and chlorinating water. 
E)  vaccination of people and their pets. 
A)  vaccination of domestic animals. 
B)  avoiding inadequately cooked meat. 
C)  prophylactic antibiotics for cat owners. 
D)  filtering and chlorinating water. 
E)  vaccination of people and their pets. B

Question 4

Which statement about viral meningitis is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are effective vaccines to protect against viral meningitis. 
B)  Paralysis is a common sign of viral meningitis. 
C)  The causative agents do not survive well in the environment. 
D)  Transmission of the causative agent is by the fecal-oral route. 
E)  Recovery is seldom complete-permanent disabilities usually occur. 
A)  There are effective vaccines to protect against viral meningitis. 
B)  Paralysis is a common sign of viral meningitis. 
C)  The causative agents do not survive well in the environment. 
D)  Transmission of the causative agent is by the fecal-oral route. 
E)  Recovery is seldom complete-permanent disabilities usually occur.

Question 5

How do neonates acquire group B streptococcus?

Accepted Answer

A)  From the mother's genital tract shortly before or during birth. 
B)  By inhalation of contaminated aerosol droplets after birth. 
C)  By ingestion of contaminated colostrum shortly after birth. 
D)  Through minor skin wounds such as scratches. 
E)  Via placental transfer of the pathogen from the mother. 
A)  From the mother's genital tract shortly before or during birth. 
B)  By inhalation of contaminated aerosol droplets after birth. 
C)  By ingestion of contaminated colostrum shortly after birth. 
D)  Through minor skin wounds such as scratches. 
E)  Via placental transfer of the pathogen from the mother.

Question 6

Which animal is used as an early warning system for viral encephalitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  armadillos 
B)  chickens 
C)  mice 
D)  foxes 
E)  hawks 
A)  armadillos 
B)  chickens 
C)  mice 
D)  foxes 
E)  hawks

Question 7

Why is listeriosis so important in pregnant women even though it usually causes them few symptoms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Listeriosis suppresses the woman's immune system; she fails to make IgG that would protect her fetus. 
B)  Listeriosis causes significant signs and symptoms in pregnant women and may prove fatal because they cannot take medication while pregnant. 
C)  Bacteremia commonly occurs, resulting in infection of the fetus; miscarriage, stillbirth, or infection of the newborn can result. 
D)  Infants born with listeriosis are sensitized against the foods in which the causative agent is found, such as soft cheeses. They can never eat these foods. 
E)  Listeriosis in a pregnant woman usually leads to untreatable meningitis. Neither she nor her fetus is able to survive the infection. 
A)  Listeriosis suppresses the woman's immune system; she fails to make IgG that would protect her fetus. 
B)  Listeriosis causes significant signs and symptoms in pregnant women and may prove fatal because they cannot take medication while pregnant. 
C)  Bacteremia commonly occurs, resulting in infection of the fetus; miscarriage, stillbirth, or infection of the newborn can result. 
D)  Infants born with listeriosis are sensitized against the foods in which the causative agent is found, such as soft cheeses. They can never eat these foods. 
E)  Listeriosis in a pregnant woman usually leads to untreatable meningitis. Neither she nor her fetus is able to survive the infection.

Question 8

Meningococcal meningitis is typically acquired through the

Accepted Answer

A)  respiratory tract. 
B)  genitourinary tract. 
C)  gastrointestinal tract. 
D)  skin. 
E)  any of these. 
A)  respiratory tract. 
B)  genitourinary tract. 
C)  gastrointestinal tract. 
D)  skin. 
E)  any of these.

Question 9

Which is true of the poliomyelitis virus?

Accepted Answer

A)  non-enveloped AND single-stranded DNA 
B)  non-enveloped AND single-stranded RNA 
C)  enveloped AND single-stranded DNA 
D)  enveloped AND double-stranded RNA 
E)  enveloped AND single-stranded RNA 
A)  non-enveloped AND single-stranded DNA 
B)  non-enveloped AND single-stranded RNA 
C)  enveloped AND single-stranded DNA 
D)  enveloped AND double-stranded RNA 
E)  enveloped AND single-stranded RNA

Question 10

Why do Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae seldom cause meningitis in newborns?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants seldom come into contact with these pathogens. 
B)  These pathogens are unable to colonize infants. 
C)  Infants are protected by maternal IgM against these pathogens. 
D)  Infants are protected by maternal IgG against these pathogens. 
E)  Infants are vaccinated against these pathogens. 
A)  Infants seldom come into contact with these pathogens. 
B)  These pathogens are unable to colonize infants. 
C)  Infants are protected by maternal IgM against these pathogens. 
D)  Infants are protected by maternal IgG against these pathogens. 
E)  Infants are vaccinated against these pathogens.

Question 11

African sleeping sickness is transmitted by

Accepted Answer

A)  ticks. 
B)  black flies. 
C)  Aedes mosquitoes. 
D)  tsetse flies. 
E)  tsetse mosquitoes. 
A)  ticks. 
B)  black flies. 
C)  Aedes mosquitoes. 
D)  tsetse flies. 
E)  tsetse mosquitoes.

Question 12

Naegleria fowleri may cause

Accepted Answer

A)  meningitis. 
B)  primary amebic meningoencephalitis. 
C)  African sleeping sickness. 
D)  AIDS. 
E)  primary amebic microencephalitis. 
A)  meningitis. 
B)  primary amebic meningoencephalitis. 
C)  African sleeping sickness. 
D)  AIDS. 
E)  primary amebic microencephalitis.

Question 13

Death from botulism is usually due to respiratory paralysis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

In rabies, the virus multiplies in one kind of cell then binds to receptors in the

Accepted Answer

A)  neuromuscular region. 
B)  spinal cord. 
C)  respiratory area. 
D)  brain. 
E)  cerebrospinal fluid. 
A)  neuromuscular region. 
B)  spinal cord. 
C)  respiratory area. 
D)  brain. 
E)  cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 15

The nervous system typically

Accepted Answer

A)  is sterile. 
B)  has a small number of normal microbiota. 
C)  contains Gram-positive bacteria. 
D)  contains a small number of viruses. 
E)  has transient microbiota. 
A)  is sterile. 
B)  has a small number of normal microbiota. 
C)  contains Gram-positive bacteria. 
D)  contains a small number of viruses. 
E)  has transient microbiota.

Question 16

Why are infants at risk of developing botulism after they ingest honey, but adults are not?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bees cultivate C. botulinum bacteria within their hives as a food source. This gets mixed in with the honey they make, and is ingested by infants they are given food containing honey. Adults seldom eat honey, so are not exposed to this organism. 
B)  The infant digestive tract is immature and is extremely susceptible to the effects of botulism toxin which found in the honey in relatively high levels. The adult digestive tract is immune to the effects of botulinum toxin because of M cells and Peyer's patches. 
C)  The spores of C. botulinum produce a strong endotoxin. This endotoxin has little effect on adults because their immune system is fully developed. Infants, however, do not have a fully developed immune system and therefore far more susceptible to the toxin than adults. 
D)  Honey can contain C. botulinum endospores. These may germinate in the intestines of infants that have eaten it, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal microbiota will out-compete the new microbes. 
E)  Honey can contain C. botulinum endospores. These may germinate in the intestines of adults that have eaten it. The bacteria are then sampled by M cells within the adult intestinal tract, leading to the development of botulism. Infants do not have any M cells in their tract. 
A)  Bees cultivate C. botulinum bacteria within their hives as a food source. This gets mixed in with the honey they make, and is ingested by infants they are given food containing honey. Adults seldom eat honey, so are not exposed to this organism. 
B)  The infant digestive tract is immature and is extremely susceptible to the effects of botulism toxin which found in the honey in relatively high levels. The adult digestive tract is immune to the effects of botulinum toxin because of M cells and Peyer's patches. 
C)  The spores of C. botulinum produce a strong endotoxin. This endotoxin has little effect on adults because their immune system is fully developed. Infants, however, do not have a fully developed immune system and therefore far more susceptible to the toxin than adults. 
D)  Honey can contain C. botulinum endospores. These may germinate in the intestines of infants that have eaten it, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal microbiota will out-compete the new microbes. 
E)  Honey can contain C. botulinum endospores. These may germinate in the intestines of adults that have eaten it. The bacteria are then sampled by M cells within the adult intestinal tract, leading to the development of botulism. Infants do not have any M cells in their tract.

Question 17

Prions are small single-stranded pieces of RNA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Please select the FALSE statement regarding toxoplasmosis.

Accepted Answer

A)  People contract toxoplasmosis by ingesting oocytes discharged in the feces of acutely infected cats or inadequately cooked meat containing tissue cysts. 
B)  Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic among healthy people, although some people develop sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes and spleen. 
C)  Toxoplasmosis occurs in two main forms-tuberculoid and lepromatous-depending on the immune status of the individual. 
D)  Infection of the fetus, especially during the first trimester, results in miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects. 
E)  Toxoplasmosis may cause encephalitis, brain masses, and other nervous system problems in immunodeficient people. 
A)  People contract toxoplasmosis by ingesting oocytes discharged in the feces of acutely infected cats or inadequately cooked meat containing tissue cysts. 
B)  Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic among healthy people, although some people develop sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes and spleen. 
C)  Toxoplasmosis occurs in two main forms-tuberculoid and lepromatous-depending on the immune status of the individual. 
D)  Infection of the fetus, especially during the first trimester, results in miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects. 
E)  Toxoplasmosis may cause encephalitis, brain masses, and other nervous system problems in immunodeficient people.

Question 19

Which is true of the Clostridium botulinum toxin?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is heat-resistant. 
B)  It is a neurotoxin. 
C)  It stimulates nerve to muscle signal transmission. 
D)  It causes spastic paralysis. 
E)  All the choices are correct. 
A)  It is heat-resistant. 
B)  It is a neurotoxin. 
C)  It stimulates nerve to muscle signal transmission. 
D)  It causes spastic paralysis. 
E)  All the choices are correct.

Question 20

Painful spasms of the throat triggered by swallowing or the sight of water is called

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrophobia. 
B)  hydrophagia. 
C)  tetany. 
D)  paralysis. 
E)  aquaphobia. 
A)  hydrophobia. 
B)  hydrophagia. 
C)  tetany. 
D)  paralysis. 
E)  aquaphobia.

Exam 26: Nervous System Infections

Why can't botulism be transmitted from person to person?

Identify the meninges from closest to the brain to furthest away: 1) dura mater 2) pia mater 3) arachnoid mater

Prevention of toxoplasmosis involves

Which statement about viral meningitis is TRUE?

How do neonates acquire group B streptococcus?

Which animal is used as an early warning system for viral encephalitis?

Why is listeriosis so important in pregnant women even though it usually causes them few symptoms?

Meningococcal meningitis is typically acquired through the

Which is true of the poliomyelitis virus?

Why do Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae seldom cause meningitis in newborns?

African sleeping sickness is transmitted by

Naegleria fowleri may cause

Death from botulism is usually due to respiratory paralysis.

In rabies, the virus multiplies in one kind of cell then binds to receptors in the

The nervous system typically

Why are infants at risk of developing botulism after they ingest honey, but adults are not?

Prions are small single-stranded pieces of RNA.

Please select the FALSE statement regarding toxoplasmosis.

Which is true of the Clostridium botulinum toxin?

Painful spasms of the throat triggered by swallowing or the sight of water is called

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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