Question 1

A recombinant vaccine is used to protect against

Accepted Answer

A)  hepatitis B. 
B)  polio. 
C)  diphtheria. 
D)  pertussis. 
E)  influenza. 
A)  hepatitis B. 
B)  polio. 
C)  diphtheria. 
D)  pertussis. 
E)  influenza. A

Question 2

Blood for transfusion is frequently tested for HIV by using the

Accepted Answer

A)  complement fixation test. 
B)  agglutination test. 
C)  ELISA method. 
D)  Ouchterlony test. 
E)  light microscope. 
A)  complement fixation test. 
B)  agglutination test. 
C)  ELISA method. 
D)  Ouchterlony test. 
E)  light microscope. C

Question 3

Why does passive immunity not give lifetime protection, while active immunity may?

Accepted Answer

A)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing a memory cell population that can respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Passive immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
B)  In passive immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing a memory cell population that can respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Active immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
C)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing an effector cell population that continually produces antibodies for the duration of the person's lifetime. Passive immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
D)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing an effector cell population that continually produces antibodies for the duration of the person's lifetime. Passive immunity results in the production of antibodies only when an antigen is present. 
E)  This question is misleading. Both passive immunity and active immunity provide lifetime protection. 
A)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing a memory cell population that can respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Passive immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
B)  In passive immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing a memory cell population that can respond to a subsequent exposure to the same antigen. Active immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
C)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing an effector cell population that continually produces antibodies for the duration of the person's lifetime. Passive immunity only lasts as long as the injected antibodies remain in the body. 
D)  In active immunity, the body's own lymphocytes respond, producing an effector cell population that continually produces antibodies for the duration of the person's lifetime. Passive immunity results in the production of antibodies only when an antigen is present. 
E)  This question is misleading. Both passive immunity and active immunity provide lifetime protection. A

Question 4

The Western blot is used to confirm the results of an ELISA test. Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps involved in this procedure?
1) To determine if a patient's serum has antibodies specific for any of the proteins in the sample (in this case HIV proteins), some of that serum is added to the blot, after which unbound antibodies are washed off.
2) The antigen proteins separate according to size. The separated proteins in the gel are then transferred ("blotted") to a nylon membrane to immobilize them in the same positions they were in the gel.
3) A type of gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is used to separate the proteins of an antigen, which involves loading the sample onto a polyacrylamide gel matrix, and running an electrical current through it.
4) Labeled anti-human IgG antibodies are added, which bind to any serum antibodies that have attached to the proteins. Unbound labeled antibodies are then washed off and attached label is detected.

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2, 3, 4 
B)  3, 2, 4, 1 
C)  3, 4, 2, 1 
D)  3, 2, 1, 4 
E)  2, 4, 3, 1 
A)  1, 2, 3, 4 
B)  3, 2, 4, 1 
C)  3, 4, 2, 1 
D)  3, 2, 1, 4 
E)  2, 4, 3, 1

Question 5

Monoclonal antibodies obtained from a hybridoma provide

Accepted Answer

A)  a large amount of an antibody that is specific for a particular epitope. 
B)  a single antibody that recognizes many epitopes. 
C)  many epitopes that recognize a specific antibody. 
D)  a large number of B cells. 
E)  a large amount of an antibody that reacts with a wide range of epitopes. 
A)  a large amount of an antibody that is specific for a particular epitope. 
B)  a single antibody that recognizes many epitopes. 
C)  many epitopes that recognize a specific antibody. 
D)  a large number of B cells. 
E)  a large amount of an antibody that reacts with a wide range of epitopes.

Question 6

Precipitation occurs when

Accepted Answer

A)  antigen combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
B)  antibody combines with antibody at optimal proportions. 
C)  antibody combines with complement at optimal proportions. 
D)  antibody combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
E)  antigen combines with complement at optimal proportions. 
A)  antigen combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
B)  antibody combines with antibody at optimal proportions. 
C)  antibody combines with complement at optimal proportions. 
D)  antibody combines with antigen at optimal proportions. 
E)  antigen combines with complement at optimal proportions.

Question 7

The initial test used to diagnose HIV is the ELISA test. This test is

Accepted Answer

A)  a colorimetric assay that is used to locate enzyme-labeled antibodies bound to antigens, often in a microtiter plate. 
B)  a piece of equipment that separates and determines the relative concentrations and certain characteristics of fluorescent-antibody-labeled cells. 
C)  the use of fluorescence microscopy to locate fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to antigens fixed to a microscope slide. 
D)  a "sandwich method" in which a known antigen is trapped between two radioactively labeled microscope slides for viewing. 
E)  None of the answer choices is correct. 
A)  a colorimetric assay that is used to locate enzyme-labeled antibodies bound to antigens, often in a microtiter plate. 
B)  a piece of equipment that separates and determines the relative concentrations and certain characteristics of fluorescent-antibody-labeled cells. 
C)  the use of fluorescence microscopy to locate fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to antigens fixed to a microscope slide. 
D)  a "sandwich method" in which a known antigen is trapped between two radioactively labeled microscope slides for viewing. 
E)  None of the answer choices is correct.

Question 8

An immune complex is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  antigen combined with antigen. 
B)  antigen combined with antibody. 
C)  antibody combined with antibody. 
D)  complement combined with LPS. 
E)  complement bound to neutrophils. 
A)  antigen combined with antigen. 
B)  antigen combined with antibody. 
C)  antibody combined with antibody. 
D)  complement combined with LPS. 
E)  complement bound to neutrophils.

Question 9

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal, or polyclonal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Since the infection is from only a single agent/microbe, the antibodies would be monoclonal. 
B)  Since a single pathogen has multiple epitopes, the responding antibodies to a whole pathogen would be polyclonal. 
C)  Since the pathogen would most likely mutate slightly during the infection (producing different epitopes), the responding antibodies would be polyclonal. 
D)  Since the pathogen would acquire and modify self-antigens during the infectious process, the antibodies produced during the response would be polyclonal. 
E)  Since only one B cell is ever activated in response to a pathogen, the antibodies that are produced would be monoclonal. 
A)  Since the infection is from only a single agent/microbe, the antibodies would be monoclonal. 
B)  Since a single pathogen has multiple epitopes, the responding antibodies to a whole pathogen would be polyclonal. 
C)  Since the pathogen would most likely mutate slightly during the infection (producing different epitopes), the responding antibodies would be polyclonal. 
D)  Since the pathogen would acquire and modify self-antigens during the infectious process, the antibodies produced during the response would be polyclonal. 
E)  Since only one B cell is ever activated in response to a pathogen, the antibodies that are produced would be monoclonal.

Question 10

The change from negative serum, without antibodies specific to an infecting agent, to positive serum, containing antibodies against that infecting agent, is called

Accepted Answer

A)  seroconversion. 
B)  complement fixation. 
C)  ELISA. 
D)  serum reversion. 
E)  serology. 
A)  seroconversion. 
B)  complement fixation. 
C)  ELISA. 
D)  serum reversion. 
E)  serology.

Question 11

The type of immunity conferred by giving a person a vaccine is

Accepted Answer

A)  natural passive immunity. 
B)  artificial passive immunity. 
C)  natural active immunity. 
D)  artificial active immunity. 
E)  artificial active AND passive immunity. 
A)  natural passive immunity. 
B)  artificial passive immunity. 
C)  natural active immunity. 
D)  artificial active immunity. 
E)  artificial active AND passive immunity.

Question 12

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

Accepted Answer

A)  hemagglutination tests. 
B)  immunodiffusion tests. 
C)  complement fixation tests. 
D)  ELISA tests. 
E)  disc diffusion assays. 
A)  hemagglutination tests. 
B)  immunodiffusion tests. 
C)  complement fixation tests. 
D)  ELISA tests. 
E)  disc diffusion assays.

Question 13

The serology test that may show the antigen-antibody complex as yellow-green under the microscope while using an ultraviolet light is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  Western blot. 
B)  fluorescent antibody test. 
C)  ELISA test. 
D)  agglutination test. 
E)  the Ouchterlony test. 
A)  Western blot. 
B)  fluorescent antibody test. 
C)  ELISA test. 
D)  agglutination test. 
E)  the Ouchterlony test.

Question 14

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

Accepted Answer

A)  Polio 
B)  Measles 
C)  Hepatitis B 
D)  Pertussis 
E)  Chickenpox 
A)  Polio 
B)  Measles 
C)  Hepatitis B 
D)  Pertussis 
E)  Chickenpox

Question 15

The last case of naturally contracted smallpox occurred in

Accepted Answer

A)  1900. 
B)  1950. 
C)  1965. 
D)  1977. 
E)  1989. 
A)  1900. 
B)  1950. 
C)  1965. 
D)  1977. 
E)  1989.

Question 16

The risk of serious illness from measles is 500 times greater than from vaccination against the disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which of the following tests allows the separation of cells according to their sizes, densities, and surface markers tagged by specific fluorescent antibodies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Western blotting 
B)  ELISA 
C)  Fluorescence-activated cell sorter 
D)  FA test on a microscope slide 
E)  DNA gel electrophoresis 
A)  Western blotting 
B)  ELISA 
C)  Fluorescence-activated cell sorter 
D)  FA test on a microscope slide 
E)  DNA gel electrophoresis

Question 18

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Accepted Answer

A)  Haemophilus influenza type b. 
B)  diphtheria. 
C)  herpes simplex type I. 
D)  polio. 
E)  diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I. 
A)  Haemophilus influenza type b. 
B)  diphtheria. 
C)  herpes simplex type I. 
D)  polio. 
E)  diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I.

Question 19

Injection of a single antigen usually results in production of

Accepted Answer

A)  antibody to a single epitope. 
B)  an antibody that recognizes several epitopes. 
C)  additional antigen. 
D)  epitopes against that particular antigen. 
E)  a number of antibodies each recognizing a different epitope. 
A)  antibody to a single epitope. 
B)  an antibody that recognizes several epitopes. 
C)  additional antigen. 
D)  epitopes against that particular antigen. 
E)  a number of antibodies each recognizing a different epitope.

Question 20

Active immunity develops only after a natural infection and not after vaccination.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

A recombinant vaccine is used to protect against

Blood for transfusion is frequently tested for HIV by using the

Why does passive immunity not give lifetime protection, while active immunity may?

Monoclonal antibodies obtained from a hybridoma provide

Precipitation occurs when

The initial test used to diagnose HIV is the ELISA test. This test is

An immune complex is defined as

Would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal, or polyclonal?

The change from negative serum, without antibodies specific to an infecting agent, to positive serum, containing antibodies against that infecting agent, is called

The type of immunity conferred by giving a person a vaccine is

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

The serology test that may show the antigen-antibody complex as yellow-green under the microscope while using an ultraviolet light is known as the

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

The last case of naturally contracted smallpox occurred in

The risk of serious illness from measles is 500 times greater than from vaccination against the disease.

Which of the following tests allows the separation of cells according to their sizes, densities, and surface markers tagged by specific fluorescent antibodies?

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Injection of a single antigen usually results in production of

Active immunity develops only after a natural infection and not after vaccination.

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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