Question 1

The major criteria used in placing bacteria into different groups is based on differences in

Accepted Answer

A)  cell wall structure. 
B)  cell membrane permeability. 
C)  presence or absence of flagella. 
D)  detergent susceptibility. 
E)  presence or absence of cytoplasmic membrane. 
A)  cell wall structure. 
B)  cell membrane permeability. 
C)  presence or absence of flagella. 
D)  detergent susceptibility. 
E)  presence or absence of cytoplasmic membrane.

Question 2

Chemotaxis refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  movement toward light. 
B)  movement toward a chemical. 
C)  movement away from a chemical. 
D)  movement in response to a chemical. 
E)  movement of a chemical. 
A)  movement toward light. 
B)  movement toward a chemical. 
C)  movement away from a chemical. 
D)  movement in response to a chemical. 
E)  movement of a chemical.

Question 3

An advantage of the smaller size of prokaryotes, compared to eukaryotes, is

Accepted Answer

A)  high surface area relative to low cell volume AND slower growth rates. 
B)  high surface area relative to low cell volume AND more rapid growth rates. 
C)  more rapid growth rates AND compartmentalization of cellular processes. 
D)  compartmentalization of cellular processes AND low surface area relative to low cell volume. 
E)  more rapid growth rates AND low surface area relative to high cell volume. 
A)  high surface area relative to low cell volume AND slower growth rates. 
B)  high surface area relative to low cell volume AND more rapid growth rates. 
C)  more rapid growth rates AND compartmentalization of cellular processes. 
D)  compartmentalization of cellular processes AND low surface area relative to low cell volume. 
E)  more rapid growth rates AND low surface area relative to high cell volume.

Question 4

Movement in bacteria

Accepted Answer

A)  is directly to or away from a stimulus. 
B)  relies on the beating of cilia. 
C)  is often referred to as run and tumble. 
D)  may involve pili. 
E)  is often referred to as run and tumble AND may involve pili. 
A)  is directly to or away from a stimulus. 
B)  relies on the beating of cilia. 
C)  is often referred to as run and tumble. 
D)  may involve pili. 
E)  is often referred to as run and tumble AND may involve pili.

Question 5

The microscope that allows the specimen to appear three-dimensional is the

Accepted Answer

A)  phase contrast microscope. 
B)  differential interference contrast microscope. 
C)  fluorescence microscope. 
D)  dark-field microscope. 
E)  compound microscope. 
A)  phase contrast microscope. 
B)  differential interference contrast microscope. 
C)  fluorescence microscope. 
D)  dark-field microscope. 
E)  compound microscope.

Question 6

You explain to Petrus and his grandmother that the cause of her infection is likely E. coli, and that the organism produces ________ that allow it to attach to the epithelial cells of the urinary tract.

Accepted Answer

A)  flagella 
B)  a slime layer 
C)  a glycocalyx 
D)  pili 
E)  cilia 
A)  flagella 
B)  a slime layer 
C)  a glycocalyx 
D)  pili 
E)  cilia

Question 7

Which molecule(s) is (are) NOT associated with the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  Peptidoglycan 
B)  D-form amino acids 
C)  Teichoic acids 
D)  Peptidoglycan, D-form amino acids, AND teichoic acids 
E)  Lipopolysaccharide 
A)  Peptidoglycan 
B)  D-form amino acids 
C)  Teichoic acids 
D)  Peptidoglycan, D-form amino acids, AND teichoic acids 
E)  Lipopolysaccharide

Question 8

The cytoskeleton

Accepted Answer

A)  is a dynamic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. 
B)  is a static structure that gives a rigid, defined shape to the cell. 
C)  consists of flagella, filaments and cilia that have been internalized. 
D)  has no known function in an animal cell. 
E)  is a dynamic structure composed of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins. 
A)  is a dynamic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. 
B)  is a static structure that gives a rigid, defined shape to the cell. 
C)  consists of flagella, filaments and cilia that have been internalized. 
D)  has no known function in an animal cell. 
E)  is a dynamic structure composed of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins.

Question 9

Which of the following is most abundant in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glucose 
B)  H2O 
C)  Peptidoglycan 
D)  Phospholipid 
E)  Glycoprotein 
A)  Glucose 
B)  H2O 
C)  Peptidoglycan 
D)  Phospholipid 
E)  Glycoprotein

Question 10

Bacillus and Clostridium are medically relevant groups of bacteria that characteristically stain acid-fast.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The structures used for motility in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are

Accepted Answer

A)  cilia. 
B)  flagella. 
C)  pili. 
D)  fimbriae. 
E)  microvilli. 
A)  cilia. 
B)  flagella. 
C)  pili. 
D)  fimbriae. 
E)  microvilli.

Question 12

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

Accepted Answer

A)  scanning electron microscope. 
B)  dark-field microscope. 
C)  atomic force microscope. 
D)  phase contrast microscope. 
E)  light microscope. 
A)  scanning electron microscope. 
B)  dark-field microscope. 
C)  atomic force microscope. 
D)  phase contrast microscope. 
E)  light microscope.

Question 13

Eukaryotic cells are

Accepted Answer

A)  less complex than prokaryotic cells. 
B)  members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea. 
C)  defined by the presence of a membrane bound nucleus. 
D)  able to reproduce more rapidly than prokaryotes. 
E)  defined by the presence of a cell wall. 
A)  less complex than prokaryotic cells. 
B)  members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea. 
C)  defined by the presence of a membrane bound nucleus. 
D)  able to reproduce more rapidly than prokaryotes. 
E)  defined by the presence of a cell wall.

Question 14

An electron microscope must use electromagnet "lenses" shaped like donuts to direct the electrons onto the specimen. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Electrons are particles but there are other particles in air as well. Without a vacuum, the electrons would strike and be scattered by the particles within the air. 
B)  Electrons are highly radioactive, and the chamber must be completely sealed to prevent them from escaping and contaminating the lab area. 
C)  This is the method for fixing the specimen to the slide grid for an electron microscope. Without fixing the specimen by vacuum, it would slide off and we wouldn't be able to visualize it. 
D)  All of the answer choices are true. 
E)  None of the answer choices is true. 
A)  Electrons are particles but there are other particles in air as well. Without a vacuum, the electrons would strike and be scattered by the particles within the air. 
B)  Electrons are highly radioactive, and the chamber must be completely sealed to prevent them from escaping and contaminating the lab area. 
C)  This is the method for fixing the specimen to the slide grid for an electron microscope. Without fixing the specimen by vacuum, it would slide off and we wouldn't be able to visualize it. 
D)  All of the answer choices are true. 
E)  None of the answer choices is true.

Question 15

A new medication is developed that targets and binds to the lipid A portion of LPS in Gram-negative bacterial cells. This drug shows a high degree of binding and activity against purified lipid A in an experiment carried out in test tubes. Based on this information,

Accepted Answer

A)  we should fast-track this drug and get it out to physicians immediately to help prevent Gram-negative toxic/septic shock in humans. 
B)  we should do some animal testing with intact Gram-negative cells and the medication before we jump to any conclusions. 
C)  we should next proceed by repeating the experiment in test tubes using intact Gram-negative cells to see if the drug binds with the same strength. 
D)  we should abandon the drug entirely. Binding to lipid A won't kill the bacteria, so the drug is useless to develop further. 
E)  we should assume that the medication will be effective against all bacteria, including Mycoplasmas, and that it is ready for use in humans. 
A)  we should fast-track this drug and get it out to physicians immediately to help prevent Gram-negative toxic/septic shock in humans. 
B)  we should do some animal testing with intact Gram-negative cells and the medication before we jump to any conclusions. 
C)  we should next proceed by repeating the experiment in test tubes using intact Gram-negative cells to see if the drug binds with the same strength. 
D)  we should abandon the drug entirely. Binding to lipid A won't kill the bacteria, so the drug is useless to develop further. 
E)  we should assume that the medication will be effective against all bacteria, including Mycoplasmas, and that it is ready for use in humans.

Question 16

The two magnifying lenses found in a light microscope are the

Accepted Answer

A)  basic and transverse. 
B)  small and large. 
C)  ocular and objective. 
D)  simple and phase. 
E)  ocular and phase. 
A)  basic and transverse. 
B)  small and large. 
C)  ocular and objective. 
D)  simple and phase. 
E)  ocular and phase.

Question 17

Which of the following stains are considered differential?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capsule stain AND Gram stain. 
B)  Flagella stain AND acid-fast stain. 
C)  Acid-fast stain AND Gram stain. 
D)  Acid-fast stain AND capsule stain. 
E)  Gram stain AND flagella stain. 
A)  Capsule stain AND Gram stain. 
B)  Flagella stain AND acid-fast stain. 
C)  Acid-fast stain AND Gram stain. 
D)  Acid-fast stain AND capsule stain. 
E)  Gram stain AND flagella stain.

Question 18

You discover an encapsulated Gram-positive, peritrichous, spore-forming bacillus. Which of the following describes the organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spherical bacterium with a thin cell wall, a slime layer, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions. 
B)  Rod-shaped bacterium with a thick cell wall, a capsule, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions. 
C)  Spherical bacterium with a thick cell wall, a slime layer, and a single flagellum at one side of the cell. 
D)  Rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall, a capsule, and single flagellum at one end, that can form endospores for survival in adverse conditions. 
E)  Rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall, a slime layer, and single flagellum at one end, that can form endospores for survival in adverse conditions. 
A)  Spherical bacterium with a thin cell wall, a slime layer, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions. 
B)  Rod-shaped bacterium with a thick cell wall, a capsule, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions. 
C)  Spherical bacterium with a thick cell wall, a slime layer, and a single flagellum at one side of the cell. 
D)  Rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall, a capsule, and single flagellum at one end, that can form endospores for survival in adverse conditions. 
E)  Rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall, a slime layer, and single flagellum at one end, that can form endospores for survival in adverse conditions.

Question 19

Penicillin would be most effective against

Accepted Answer

A)  non-growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria. 
B)  non-growing bacteria AND Gram-negative bacteria. 
C)  growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria. 
D)  growing bacteria AND Gram-negative bacteria. 
E)  any actively growing bacteria. 
A)  non-growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria. 
B)  non-growing bacteria AND Gram-negative bacteria. 
C)  growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria. 
D)  growing bacteria AND Gram-negative bacteria. 
E)  any actively growing bacteria.

Question 20

The nucleus

Accepted Answer

A)  is a single phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic DNA. 
B)  is a smaller structure contained within the eukaryotic nucleolus. 
C)  is a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes. 
D)  cannot transport molecules to the cytoplasm due to the double membrane barrier. 
E)  is a triple phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic RNA. 
A)  is a single phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic DNA. 
B)  is a smaller structure contained within the eukaryotic nucleolus. 
C)  is a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes. 
D)  cannot transport molecules to the cytoplasm due to the double membrane barrier. 
E)  is a triple phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic RNA.

Exam 3: Microscopy and Cell Structure

The major criteria used in placing bacteria into different groups is based on differences in

Chemotaxis refers to

An advantage of the smaller size of prokaryotes, compared to eukaryotes, is

Movement in bacteria

The microscope that allows the specimen to appear three-dimensional is the

You explain to Petrus and his grandmother that the cause of her infection is likely E. coli, and that the organism produces ________ that allow it to attach to the epithelial cells of the urinary tract.

Which molecule(s) is (are) NOT associated with the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria?

The cytoskeleton

Which of the following is most abundant in bacterial cells?

Bacillus and Clostridium are medically relevant groups of bacteria that characteristically stain acid-fast.

The structures used for motility in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

Eukaryotic cells are

An electron microscope must use electromagnet "lenses" shaped like donuts to direct the electrons onto the specimen. Why?

A new medication is developed that targets and binds to the lipid A portion of LPS in Gram-negative bacterial cells. This drug shows a high degree of binding and activity against purified lipid A in an experiment carried out in test tubes. Based on this information,

The two magnifying lenses found in a light microscope are the

Which of the following stains are considered differential?

You discover an encapsulated Gram-positive, peritrichous, spore-forming bacillus. Which of the following describes the organism?

Penicillin would be most effective against

The nucleus

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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