Question 1

A well-known exception to the usual dependency of diversity on latitude is the ___________ wasps.

Accepted Answer

ichneumonid

Question 2

For most groups,species diversity most often

Accepted Answer

A) increases from the tropics to the poles. 
B) increases from the poles to the tropics. 
C) is low at the equator and the poles,and peaks at temperate latitudes. 
D) is high at the equator and the poles,and lowest at temperate latitudes. 
E) shows no clear relationship with latitude. 
A) increases from the tropics to the poles. 
B) increases from the poles to the tropics. 
C) is low at the equator and the poles,and peaks at temperate latitudes. 
D) is high at the equator and the poles,and lowest at temperate latitudes. 
E) shows no clear relationship with latitude. B

Question 3

Diversity tends to increase with productivity,both in surveys across habitats and in experimental manipulations within habitats.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

MacArthur and Wilson hypothesized that larger islands would experience more extinction events because more species present means

Accepted Answer

A) more chances for extinctions. 
B) more likelihood of competitive exclusion. 
C) smaller population size of each. 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) Only more chances for extinctions and smaller population size of each. 
A) more chances for extinctions. 
B) more likelihood of competitive exclusion. 
C) smaller population size of each. 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) Only more chances for extinctions and smaller population size of each.

Question 5

Temperate tree diversity is higher in Europe than in North America,because North American trees have been subject to many more glacial extinctions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts that,once equilibrium is reached,an island will be occupied

Accepted Answer

A) by an unchanging set of species as extinctions and immigrations stop. 
B) by an unchanging number of species,but extinctions and immigrations will continue. 
C) by a steadily increasing number of species. 
D) by a steadily decreasing number of species. 
E) only by species that evolved on that island. 
A) by an unchanging set of species as extinctions and immigrations stop. 
B) by an unchanging number of species,but extinctions and immigrations will continue. 
C) by a steadily increasing number of species. 
D) by a steadily decreasing number of species. 
E) only by species that evolved on that island.

Question 7

Daniel Simberloff studied recolonization by

Accepted Answer

A) birds on California islands after defaunation by storms. 
B) birds on California islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
C) arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by storms. 
D) arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
E) small mammals on desert mountaintops after defaunation by climate change. 
A) birds on California islands after defaunation by storms. 
B) birds on California islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
C) arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by storms. 
D) arthropods on Florida mangrove islands after defaunation by experimental fumigation. 
E) small mammals on desert mountaintops after defaunation by climate change.

Question 8

Among the major regions of Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands,diversity is

Accepted Answer

A) highest in California,which has the largest area. 
B) highest in California,although it has the smallest area. 
C) highest in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Province,which has the largest area. 
D) highest in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Province,although it has the smallest area. 
E) roughly equal across regions,even though they differ in area. 
A) highest in California,which has the largest area. 
B) highest in California,although it has the smallest area. 
C) highest in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Province,which has the largest area. 
D) highest in the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Province,although it has the smallest area. 
E) roughly equal across regions,even though they differ in area.

Question 9

The negative correlation between foliage height diversity and bird species diversity in South American beech forests is attributed to

Accepted Answer

A) small area. 
B) isolation. 
C) cold temperatures. 
D) both small area and cold temperatures. 
E) both small area and isolation. 
A) small area. 
B) isolation. 
C) cold temperatures. 
D) both small area and cold temperatures. 
E) both small area and isolation.

Question 10

The "time since perturbation" hypothesis proposes that,compared to temperate and polar regions,the tropics are

Accepted Answer

A) more diverse because humans have not yet had much impact there. 
B) more diverse because they are disturbed more severely by cooling during glaciations. 
C) less diverse because they are disturbed more severely by cooling during glaciations. 
D) more diverse because they are less heterogeneous in habitat. 
E) more diverse because they are disturbed less frequently. 
A) more diverse because humans have not yet had much impact there. 
B) more diverse because they are disturbed more severely by cooling during glaciations. 
C) less diverse because they are disturbed more severely by cooling during glaciations. 
D) more diverse because they are less heterogeneous in habitat. 
E) more diverse because they are disturbed less frequently.

Question 11

The scientific exploration of the New World by Alexander van Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland

Accepted Answer

A) was limited to several coastal sites in modern day Ecuador. 
B) was limited to low elevation sites along the western coast of modern day Mexico. 
C) recorded altitudinal distributions of plants and animals. 
D) reached elevations as high as 3,000 m on the slopes of Chimborazo. 
E) both covered latitudes ranging from 12$\degree$S to 52$\degree$N and reached elevations as high as 3,000 m on the slopes of Chimborazo. 
A) was limited to several coastal sites in modern day Ecuador. 
B) was limited to low elevation sites along the western coast of modern day Mexico. 
C) recorded altitudinal distributions of plants and animals. 
D) reached elevations as high as 3,000 m on the slopes of Chimborazo. 
E) both covered latitudes ranging from 12$\degree$S to 52$\degree$N and reached elevations as high as 3,000 m on the slopes of Chimborazo.

Question 12

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea _______ the number of bird species on Pacific Islands ________.

Accepted Answer

A) increases,decreases 
B) increases,increases 
C) decreases,decreases 
D) increases,remains constant 
E) Distance from New Guinea has no affect on the number of bird species. 
A) increases,decreases 
B) increases,increases 
C) decreases,decreases 
D) increases,remains constant 
E) Distance from New Guinea has no affect on the number of bird species.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a hypothesis proposed by ecologists to explain increased species diversity in the tropics?

Accepted Answer

A) increased time since perturbation in the tropics over temperate regions 
B) increased productivity in the tropics over temperate regions 
C) increased environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions 
D) increased favorable environments in the tropics over temperate regions 
E) increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in the tropics over temperate regions 
A) increased time since perturbation in the tropics over temperate regions 
B) increased productivity in the tropics over temperate regions 
C) increased environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions 
D) increased favorable environments in the tropics over temperate regions 
E) increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in the tropics over temperate regions

Question 14

In the equilibrium model of island biogeography,the immigration rate to an island is assumed to depend mainly on

Accepted Answer

A) distance from sources of migrants. 
B) island size. 
C) extinction rate. 
D) extent of introductions by human colonists. 
E) existence or lack of a climax community. 
A) distance from sources of migrants. 
B) island size. 
C) extinction rate. 
D) extent of introductions by human colonists. 
E) existence or lack of a climax community.

Question 15

The network of satellites allowing a handheld receiver to determine latitude,longitude,and altitude is known as a ______________.

Accepted Answer

global pos

Question 16

The largest fraction of land area on Earth is found in the

Accepted Answer

A) tropics. 
B) temperate zone. 
C) boreal forests. 
D) tundra. 
E) Southern hemisphere. 
A) tropics. 
B) temperate zone. 
C) boreal forests. 
D) tundra. 
E) Southern hemisphere.

Question 17

Computer software programs for storing,analyzing,and displaying geographically-structured data are known as _______________.

Accepted Answer

geographic

Question 18

Mean annual temperature

Accepted Answer

A) is highest at the equator but decreases steadily above 10$\degree$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
B) is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 10$\degree$latitude on either side of the equator. 
C) is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 50$\degree$latitude on either side of the equator. 
D) is highest at the equator but decreases linearly above 25$\degree$latitude on either side of the equator. 
E) is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 25$\degree$latitude on either side of the equator. 
A) is highest at the equator but decreases steadily above 10$\degree$ latitude on either side of the equator. 
B) is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 10$\degree$latitude on either side of the equator. 
C) is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 50$\degree$latitude on either side of the equator. 
D) is highest at the equator but decreases linearly above 25$\degree$latitude on either side of the equator. 
E) is highest at the equator but decreases exponentially above 25$\degree$latitude on either side of the equator.

Question 19

Ferns often maintain high diversity even on very isolated islands.This is because

Accepted Answer

A) ferns are often planted deliberately by human colonists. 
B) ferns are often introduced accidentally by human colonists. 
C) ferns are easily dispersed by light wind-blown spores. 
D) ferns are easily dispersed because birds carry their seeds. 
E) new fern species most often evolve on isolated islands. 
A) ferns are often planted deliberately by human colonists. 
B) ferns are often introduced accidentally by human colonists. 
C) ferns are easily dispersed by light wind-blown spores. 
D) ferns are easily dispersed because birds carry their seeds. 
E) new fern species most often evolve on isolated islands.

Question 20

Birds on oceanic islands have highest diversity on

Accepted Answer

A) large islands close to the mainland. 
B) large islands far from the mainland. 
C) small islands close to the mainland. 
D) small islands far from the mainland. 
E) small islands of recent geologic origin. 
A) large islands close to the mainland. 
B) large islands far from the mainland. 
C) small islands close to the mainland. 
D) small islands far from the mainland. 
E) small islands of recent geologic origin.

Exam 22: Geographic Ecology

A well-known exception to the usual dependency of diversity on latitude is the ___________ wasps.

For most groups,species diversity most often

Diversity tends to increase with productivity,both in surveys across habitats and in experimental manipulations within habitats.

MacArthur and Wilson hypothesized that larger islands would experience more extinction events because more species present means

Temperate tree diversity is higher in Europe than in North America,because North American trees have been subject to many more glacial extinctions.

The equilibrium model of island biogeography predicts that,once equilibrium is reached,an island will be occupied

Daniel Simberloff studied recolonization by

Among the major regions of Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands,diversity is

The negative correlation between foliage height diversity and bird species diversity in South American beech forests is attributed to

The "time since perturbation" hypothesis proposes that,compared to temperate and polar regions,the tropics are

The scientific exploration of the New World by Alexander van Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea _______ the number of bird species on Pacific Islands ________.

Which of the following is not a hypothesis proposed by ecologists to explain increased species diversity in the tropics?

In the equilibrium model of island biogeography,the immigration rate to an island is assumed to depend mainly on

The network of satellites allowing a handheld receiver to determine latitude,longitude,and altitude is known as a ______________.

The largest fraction of land area on Earth is found in the

Computer software programs for storing,analyzing,and displaying geographically-structured data are known as _______________.

Mean annual temperature

Ferns often maintain high diversity even on very isolated islands.This is because

Birds on oceanic islands have highest diversity on

Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Social Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions: Predation, herbivory, parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Landscape Ecology

Global Ecology

Filters

MacArthur and Wilson found as distance from New Guinea _ the number of bird species on Pacific Islands __.