Question 1

According to the tolerance model of succession,

Accepted Answer

A) early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for the establishment by all species. 
B) only early successional species can establish as succession begins. 
C) early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but more suitable for late successional species. 
D) early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species. 
E) both early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species and only early successional species can establish as succession begins. 
A) early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for the establishment by all species. 
B) only early successional species can establish as succession begins. 
C) early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but more suitable for late successional species. 
D) early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species. 
E) both early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species and only early successional species can establish as succession begins. D

Question 2

On intertidal boulders in California,the diversity of diatoms and algae

Accepted Answer

A) increases at first,but then declines late in succession. 
B) increases steadily through succession. 
C) increases slowly at first,but then rapidly late in succession. 
D) increases rapidly at first,then plateaus late in succession. 
E) first decreases,but later increases. 
A) increases at first,but then declines late in succession. 
B) increases steadily through succession. 
C) increases slowly at first,but then rapidly late in succession. 
D) increases rapidly at first,then plateaus late in succession. 
E) first decreases,but later increases. A

Question 3

Given the following data,determine the interquartile range:

Accepted Answer

A) 2 to 126 
B) 5 to 79 
C) 45 to 67 
D) 18 to 71 
E) 56$\pm$40 
A) 2 to 126 
B) 5 to 79 
C) 45 to 67 
D) 18 to 71 
E) 56$\pm$40 B

Question 4

In the "transition phase" of forest succession,

Accepted Answer

A) biomass increases rapidly as the community reorganizes. 
B) biomass declines from an earlier peak. 
C) biomass stays constant,but species composition turns over rapidly. 
D) nutrient export increases dramatically and soils become depleted. 
E) one climax community gives way to another. 
A) biomass increases rapidly as the community reorganizes. 
B) biomass declines from an earlier peak. 
C) biomass stays constant,but species composition turns over rapidly. 
D) nutrient export increases dramatically and soils become depleted. 
E) one climax community gives way to another.

Question 5

_________ is the ability of a community or ecosystem to maintain structure in the face of potential disturbance.

Accepted Answer

A) Resilience 
B) Elasticity 
C) Resistance 
D) Plasticity 
E) Flexibility 
A) Resilience 
B) Elasticity 
C) Resistance 
D) Plasticity 
E) Flexibility

Question 6

In secondary succession on abandoned fields in the Piedmont of North Carolina,important pioneer species include

Accepted Answer

A) horsetails. 
B) Dryas. 
C) broomsedge (Andropogon). 
D) pine seedlings. 
E) crabgrass and horseweed. 
A) horsetails. 
B) Dryas. 
C) broomsedge (Andropogon). 
D) pine seedlings. 
E) crabgrass and horseweed.

Question 7

During primary succession at Glacier Bay,species diversity continues to increase throughout succession for which group(s)of plants?

Accepted Answer

A) tall shrubs and trees 
B) low shrubs and herbs 
C) mosses 
D) lichens 
E) all groups of plants 
A) tall shrubs and trees 
B) low shrubs and herbs 
C) mosses 
D) lichens 
E) all groups of plants

Question 8

Wayne Sousa's studies of succession on intertidal boulders demonstrated which elements of the inhibition hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) inhibition of mid- and late-successional species by pioneers 
B) inhibition of late-successional species by mid-successional ones 
C) higher mortality of pioneer species 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) None of the choices are correct. 
A) inhibition of mid- and late-successional species by pioneers 
B) inhibition of late-successional species by mid-successional ones 
C) higher mortality of pioneer species 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 9

According to the "facilitation" hypothesis,pioneer species modify the environment in ways that

Accepted Answer

A) make it more suitable for their own survival,and less suitable for other species. 
B) make it less suitable for their own survival,but more suitable for survival of other pioneer species. 
C) make it less suitable for their own survival,but more suitable for survival of late-successional species. 
D) make it less suitable for survival of all species. 
E) make it more suitable for survival of all species. 
A) make it more suitable for their own survival,and less suitable for other species. 
B) make it less suitable for their own survival,but more suitable for survival of other pioneer species. 
C) make it less suitable for their own survival,but more suitable for survival of late-successional species. 
D) make it less suitable for survival of all species. 
E) make it more suitable for survival of all species.

Question 10

High nitrogen retention early in stream succession is probably due to

Accepted Answer

A) nitrogen fixation by aquatic fungi. 
B) increasing biomass of algal and animal populations. 
C) increasing nitrogen inputs from surrounding terrestrial soils. 
D) increasing binding of nitrogen to developing organic sediments. 
E) reduced denitrification following disturbance. 
A) nitrogen fixation by aquatic fungi. 
B) increasing biomass of algal and animal populations. 
C) increasing nitrogen inputs from surrounding terrestrial soils. 
D) increasing binding of nitrogen to developing organic sediments. 
E) reduced denitrification following disturbance.

Question 11

___________ occurs in areas where disturbance destroyed the previous community without destroying the soil.

Accepted Answer

A) Pioneer succession 
B) Climax succession 
C) Secondary succession 
D) Primary succession 
E) Disturbance succession 
A) Pioneer succession 
B) Climax succession 
C) Secondary succession 
D) Primary succession 
E) Disturbance succession

Question 12

Pine communities are eventually replaced by oak-hickory communities after about 150 years of old field succession on the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina because

Accepted Answer

A) mature pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight. 
B) juvenile pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight. 
C) juvenile pines cannot grow in the low pH soil that results as pine litter decomposes. 
D) juvenile pines cannot grow in the shade of mature pines. 
E) mature pines require an association with mycorrhizal fungi which are excluded from this area by low pH soils. 
A) mature pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight. 
B) juvenile pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight. 
C) juvenile pines cannot grow in the low pH soil that results as pine litter decomposes. 
D) juvenile pines cannot grow in the shade of mature pines. 
E) mature pines require an association with mycorrhizal fungi which are excluded from this area by low pH soils.

Question 13

On intertidal boulders in California,the climax community is dominated by perennial red algae.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which statement about changing ecosystem properties during succession is false?

Accepted Answer

A) biomass increases 
B) community respiration increases 
C) primary production increases 
D) soil depths decrease 
E) stream spiraling lengths decrease 
A) biomass increases 
B) community respiration increases 
C) primary production increases 
D) soil depths decrease 
E) stream spiraling lengths decrease

Question 15

The change in plant,animal,and microbial communities in an area following disturbance or the creation of new substrate is called _________.

Accepted Answer

A) progression 
B) succession 
C) replacement 
D) colonization 
E) invasion 
A) progression 
B) succession 
C) replacement 
D) colonization 
E) invasion

Question 16

As Hawaiian lava flows age over 4 million years,

Accepted Answer

A) total soil phosphorous levels decrease. 
B) total soil phosphorous levels increase. 
C) total soil phosphorous stays about the same,but more phosphorous becomes refractory. 
D) total soil phosphorous stays about the same,but more phosphorous becomes weatherable. 
E) phosphorous limitation of primary production becomes less important. 
A) total soil phosphorous levels decrease. 
B) total soil phosphorous levels increase. 
C) total soil phosphorous stays about the same,but more phosphorous becomes refractory. 
D) total soil phosphorous stays about the same,but more phosphorous becomes weatherable. 
E) phosphorous limitation of primary production becomes less important.

Question 17

A set of sites differing in successional age is called a ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A set of sites differing in successional...

Question 18

How does canopy shading influence succession of pines and deciduous trees in the Piedmont of North Carolina?

Accepted Answer

A) Canopy shading by deciduous trees is required for growth of pines. 
B) Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents establishment of pines until late in succession. 
C) Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents persistence of pines in late successional stages. 
D) Canopy shading by pines prevents establishment of deciduous trees. 
E) Canopy shading by pines kills deciduous trees that were established early in succession. 
A) Canopy shading by deciduous trees is required for growth of pines. 
B) Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents establishment of pines until late in succession. 
C) Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents persistence of pines in late successional stages. 
D) Canopy shading by pines prevents establishment of deciduous trees. 
E) Canopy shading by pines kills deciduous trees that were established early in succession.

Question 19

A tendency for a community to maintain its structure even when subject to potential disturbance is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A tendency for a community to maintain...

Question 20

A community in which secondary succession is very rapid has

Accepted Answer

A) high resistance. 
B) low resistance. 
C) high resilience. 
D) low resilience. 
E) high replication. 
A) high resistance. 
B) low resistance. 
C) high resilience. 
D) low resilience. 
E) high replication.

Exam 20: Succession and Stability

According to the tolerance model of succession,

On intertidal boulders in California,the diversity of diatoms and algae

Given the following data,determine the interquartile range:

In the "transition phase" of forest succession,

_________ is the ability of a community or ecosystem to maintain structure in the face of potential disturbance.

In secondary succession on abandoned fields in the Piedmont of North Carolina,important pioneer species include

During primary succession at Glacier Bay,species diversity continues to increase throughout succession for which group(s)of plants?

Wayne Sousa's studies of succession on intertidal boulders demonstrated which elements of the inhibition hypothesis?

According to the "facilitation" hypothesis,pioneer species modify the environment in ways that

High nitrogen retention early in stream succession is probably due to

___________ occurs in areas where disturbance destroyed the previous community without destroying the soil.

Pine communities are eventually replaced by oak-hickory communities after about 150 years of old field succession on the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina because

On intertidal boulders in California,the climax community is dominated by perennial red algae.

Which statement about changing ecosystem properties during succession is false?

The change in plant,animal,and microbial communities in an area following disturbance or the creation of new substrate is called _________.

As Hawaiian lava flows age over 4 million years,

A set of sites differing in successional age is called a ____________.

How does canopy shading influence succession of pines and deciduous trees in the Piedmont of North Carolina?

A tendency for a community to maintain its structure even when subject to potential disturbance is called ____________.

A community in which secondary succession is very rapid has

Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Social Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions: Predation, herbivory, parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Landscape Ecology

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

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