Exam 14: Translation and Proteins

Proteins are composed of strings of nucleotides connected together by 5′-3′ phosphodiester bonds.

What is the general ethnic distribution of the sickle-cell gene?

The problem below relates to the synthesis of several intermediates in the citric acid cycle, which is essential in the production of ATP through aerobic respiration. A set of experimental results relating the growth (+) of Neurospora on several media is given in the table. Based on the information provided, present the biochemical pathway for the substances oxaloacetate, fumarate, malate, and succinate, and the locations of the metabolic blocks produced by the various strains. Strain MM MM + oxaloacetate MMedium Mumarate MM + malate MM + succinate 162 - + - + - 136 - + - - - 141 - + + + -

Studies of Neurospora led to the ________ statement, whereas studies of human hemoglobin led to the ________ statement.

A procedure that is often used to separate molecules by using their molecular charges is called ________.

rDNA is the portion of a genome that is involved in the production of ribosomal RNA.

When a metabolic block occurs in a biochemical pathway, it is common for amount of the substance immediately prior to that block to increase.

Three major types of RNAs are mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. For each of the conditions below, predict the consequences in terms of the population of proteins being synthesized in a particular cell. What qualitative and quantitative changes, if any, are expected in the individual protein involved (if one is involved) and in the population of proteins in this cell? (a) An acridine dye-induced mutation (adds or deletes single bases in DNA) leads to an mRNA for one protein-producing gene. The condition is heterozygous in the involved cell. (b) A deletion (homozygous) that removes approximately half of the rRNA genes.

The secondary structure of a protein is dependent on polar interactions among the side chains of the amino acids.

Considering the types of side chains on amino acids and their relationship to protein structure, where are the amino acids with hydrophobic side chains most likely to be located?